{"id":6340,"date":"2020-01-21T14:58:08","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T22:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/?page_id=6340"},"modified":"2020-01-23T20:07:53","modified_gmt":"2020-01-24T04:07:53","slug":"region-knee","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/region-knee\/","title":{"rendered":"REGION: KNEE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Studying anatomy &amp; physiology grouped by regions of the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>WORK IN PROGRESS&#8230;LAST UPDATE 01.21.2020<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bony Landmarks of the Femur<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-5\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-5\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Femoral head<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Intercondyloid fossa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Femoral neck<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Linea aspera<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Greater trochanter<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Gluteal line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Lesser trochanter<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Fovea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Trochanteric fossa<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Adductor tubercle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Epiphyseal line<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Quadratus tubercle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Intertrochanteric line<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Intertrochanteric crest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Femoral shaft<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Pectineal line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Lateral epicondyle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Spiral line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Medial epicondyle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Medial supracondylar line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Lateral condyle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lateral supracondylar line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Medial condyle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Intercondylar line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Patellar trochlea<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Popliteal surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-5 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Features of the Patella<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-9\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-9\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Patellar ligament<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Prepatellar bursa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Infrapatella fold<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Subcutaneous &amp; deep infrapatellar bursae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Infrapatellar fat<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-9 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bony Landmarks of the Tibia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-10\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-10\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Tibial tuberosity<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Superior articular surfaces: medial &amp; lateral<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Tibial head<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Tibial plateau<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Medial tibial condyle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Gerdy's tubercle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Lateral tibial condyle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Oblique line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Intercondylar eminence<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Anterior crest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Medial intercondylar tubercle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Popliteal line<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Lateral intercondylar tubercle<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Fibular notch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Anterior intercondylar area<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Medial malleolus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Posterior intercondylar area<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Proximal tibiofibular joint<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Interosseus membrane<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Distal tibiofibular joint<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-10 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Muscles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Rectus femoris.<\/li><li>Vastus lateralis.<\/li><li>Vastus intermedius.<\/li><li>Vastus medialis.<\/li><li>All insert into tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. Anterior stabilize knee joint. <\/li><li>Lateral stabilizer: iliotibial band.<\/li><li>Medial stabilizer: SGT.<\/li><li> Posterior stabilizer: popliteus.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Joints<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tibiofemoral (knee) joint.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligaments\/Tendons<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligaments: Medial Collateral Ligament, MCL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"MCL detail page (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=6347&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\">MCL detail page<\/a>.<\/li><li>O: femoral medial epicondyle.<\/li><li>I: two insertions. Conjoins into semimembranosus tendon &amp; posteromedial crest of tibia. <\/li><li>N: medial articular nerve (branch of the saphenous nerve).<\/li><li>V: branches of superior and inferior genicular arteries.<\/li><li>A: reinforce medial portion of articular capsule of knee; stabilize medial knee; primary static stabilizer. Limits anterior movement of tibia and prevents hyperextension. Superficial, sMCL, MCL is a knee valgus stabilizer. Deep, dMCL, MCL is rotational stabilizer.  <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligaments: Lateral Collateral Ligament, LCL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"LCL detail page (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/ligaments\/lateral-collateral-ligament\/\" target=\"_blank\">LCL detail page<\/a>.<\/li><li>O: lateral epicondyle of femur.<\/li><li>I: fibula head.<\/li><li>N: fibers of tibial nerve. <\/li><li>V: superolateral and inferolateral geniculate arteries.<\/li><li>A: Controls the amount of lateral movement of the tibia. Stabilizes lateral knee especially varus stress, and posterolateral tibial rotation relative to femur. Stabilize anterior\/posterior tibial translation.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligaments: Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"ACL detail page (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/ligaments\/anterior-cruciate-ligament\/\" target=\"_blank\">ACL detail page<\/a>.<\/li><li>O: posteromedial corner of medial aspect of femoral condyle in the intercondylar notch.<\/li><li>I: anterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. <\/li><li>N: fibers from the posterior articular branches of tibial nerve.<\/li><li>V: middle geniculate artery. <\/li><li>A: Controls rotation and forward movement of the tibia. Responsible for 85% of force to control\/limit tibial forward translation. Attenuates tibial medial and lateral rotation, and knee varus-valgus forces.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligaments: Posterior Cruciate Ligament, PCL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"PCL detail page (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/ligaments\/posterior-cruciate-ligament\/\" target=\"_blank\">PCL detail page<\/a>.<\/li><li>O: posterior tibial sulcus below articular surface.<\/li><li>I: anterolateral medial femoral condyle. <\/li><li>N: tibial nerve. <\/li><li>V: middle geniculate artery.<\/li><li>A: Controls the amount of backward movement of the tibia. Controls tibial posterior translation. Prevent hyperflexion\/sliding.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vascular Supply<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/vessels\/superior-medial-genicular\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Superior medial genicular artery<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/vessels\/inferior-medial-genicular\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Inferior medial genicular artery<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/vessels\/popliteal-artery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Popliteal artery<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/vessels\/anterior-tibial-artery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Anterior tibial artery<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/vessels\/posterior-tibial-artery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Posterior tibial artery<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Innervation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Muscles and tendons have sensory receptors.<\/li><li>Skin does not have somatic motor neuron innervation.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical\/Pathology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Q Angle<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The alignment of the femur and tibial. Deviations may indicate risk for ACL tears. <\/li><li>Genu varum. Bow-leg. If the knee is pointing laterally, that is knee varus.<\/li><li>Tibial deviations from midline beyond acceptable range: unequal weight distribution; unequal wear\/tear; genu varum; genu valgum.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anterior Drawer Test<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>For ACL.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Patellar Reflex Test<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adduction Varus Stress Test (LCL)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">External rotation-recurvatum test (LCL)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reverse pivot shift sign of Jakob, Hassler, and St\u00e4ubli (LCL)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dial test (LCL)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unhappy Triad: MCL, Medial Meniscus, ACL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;Blown Knee&#8221;.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Osteoarthritis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wear\/tear arthritis.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rheumatoid Arthritis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Autoimmune.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bone Spurs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abnormal Patella Tracking<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chondromalacia (cartilage breakdown).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meniscal tears: LCL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Non-contact hyperextension.<\/li><li>Non-contact varus stress.<\/li><li>Contact blow to anteromedial and posterolateral corners.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meniscal tears: PCL<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Contact blow to proximal tibia when knee is flexed (\u201cdashboard\u201d injury).<\/li><li>Hyperflexion with foot plantar-flexed.<\/li><li>Hyperextension.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other Features<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Detailed Studies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Notes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis.<\/li><li>All insert into tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. <\/li><li>Anterior: stabilize knee joint.<\/li><li>Lateral stabilizer: iliotibial band.<\/li><li>Medial stabilizer: SGT (sartorius, gracilis, semi-tendinosus) or Pes Anserinus.<\/li><li>Posterior stabilizer: popliteus.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>References<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament_(ACL)\">https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament_(ACL)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/anatomy_of_acl\">http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/anatomy_of_acl<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/Posterior_Cruciate_Ligament_Injury\">https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/Posterior_Cruciate_Ligament_Injury<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/anatomy_of_the_posterior_cruciate_ligament\">http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/anatomy_of_the_posterior_cruciate_ligament<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orthobullets.com\/knee-and-sports\/3011\/lcl-injury-of-the-knee\">https:\/\/www.orthobullets.com\/knee-and-sports\/3011\/lcl-injury-of-the-knee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/medial_collateral_ligament\">http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/medial_collateral_ligament<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507780\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507780\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Biel,&nbsp;A. (2015).&nbsp;<em>Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cedars-sinai.org\/health-library\/diseases-and-conditions\/v\/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jenkins,&nbsp;G., &amp; Tortora,&nbsp;G.&nbsp;J. (2012).&nbsp;<em>Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Muscolino,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;E. (2017).&nbsp;<em>The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Studying anatomy &amp; physiology grouped by regions of the body. WORK IN PROGRESS&#8230;LAST UPDATE 01.21.2020 Bony Landmarks of the Femur Features of the Patella Bony Landmarks of the Tibia Muscles Rectus femoris. Vastus lateralis. Vastus intermedius. Vastus medialis. All insert into tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. Anterior stabilize knee joint. Lateral stabilizer: iliotibial band. Medial [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6340","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6340"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6722,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6340\/revisions\/6722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmanatphys\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}