{"id":4162,"date":"2019-07-29T16:39:19","date_gmt":"2019-07-29T23:39:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/?p=4162"},"modified":"2019-07-29T16:39:40","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T23:39:40","slug":"carbohydrate-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/organicchemistry\/carbohydrate-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbohydrate Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Carbohydrates have the general formula of Cn H2n On, where the &#8220;n&#8221; is a number and subscripted. They hydrolyze to a polyhydroxy aldehyde or a polyhydroxy ketone. At the top of the Haworth  projection<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> Carbohydrates have the general formula of Cn H2n On, where the &#8220;n&#8221; is a number and subscripted. <\/li><li>They hydrolyze to a polyhydroxy aldehyde or a polyhydroxy ketone.<\/li><li>At the top of the Haworth  projection, there&#8217;s either an aldehyde group for an aldose or a ketone group for an aldose.<\/li><li>Monosaccharides have 3-6 carbons in the parent chain with a carbonyl group.<\/li><li>If the carbonyl is at the C1 position, it&#8217;s an aldose. If the carbonyl is at the C2 position, it&#8217;s a ketose.<\/li><li>In a Fischer projection, the vertical lines\/backbone &#8220;recede and go away and into the page like a dashed-wedge&#8221; while the horizontal lines &#8220;come out like a wedge&#8221;.<\/li><li>If there are n carbons, then look closely at the n-1 carbon position. If the H&#8211;OH with the OH on the right side, then the compound is labeled &#8220;D&#8221;. If the HO&#8211;H at the n-1 carbonposition, then the compound is designated &#8220;L&#8221;.<\/li><li>A chiral carbon is one where the carbon is attached to four unique bonding groups. A carbon participating in a double or triple bond cannot be a chiral carbon.<\/li><li>The human body uses &#8220;D&#8221; sugars.<\/li><li>To draw the enantiomer, swap the position of &#8220;H&#8221; and &#8220;OH&#8221; down the backbone (i.e. just make them reverse of what they currently are).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fischer to Haworth Projections (straight chain to cyclic form)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For a 6-member ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Turn the Fischer diagram 90 degrees clockwise (lay it on it&#8217;s side). <\/li><li>Substituents below the carbon backbone get the downward position. Substituents above the carbon backbone get the up position.<\/li><li>Twist carbon-5 so that the OH group is near the carbon-1 putting carbon-6 (CH2OH) sticking up above the ring.<\/li><li>The -OH group on carbon-5 reacts with the aldehyde group on carbon-1 thereby closing the ring. An oxygen takes the position between carbon-5 and carbon-1.<\/li><li>The OH-H group on carbon-1 can have the OH in the &#8220;up&#8221; position (beta form, b like a bird). The OH-H group on carbon-1 can also have the OH in the &#8220;down&#8221; position (alpha form, Greek A looking like a fish in the sea).<\/li><li>Carbon-1 is called the anomeric carbon where linkages are possible.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For a 5-member ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A ketone at the second carbon position reacts with the OH at the n-1 carbon position to form a 5-member ring instead of a 6-member ring.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>More to be continued. Work in progress.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carbohydrates have the general formula of Cn H2n On, where the &#8220;n&#8221; is a number and subscripted. They hydrolyze to a polyhydroxy aldehyde or a polyhydroxy ketone. At the top of the Haworth projection Carbohydrates have the general formula of Cn H2n On, where the &#8220;n&#8221; is a number and subscripted. They hydrolyze to a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-organicchemistry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4162"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4170,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4162\/revisions\/4170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}