{"id":4173,"date":"2019-08-04T21:19:37","date_gmt":"2019-08-05T04:19:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/?p=4173"},"modified":"2019-08-05T17:36:17","modified_gmt":"2019-08-06T00:36:17","slug":"tour-and-quick-review-of-the-major-compounds-important-to-the-human-body","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/biochemistry\/tour-and-quick-review-of-the-major-compounds-important-to-the-human-body\/","title":{"rendered":"Tour and quick review of the major compounds important to the human body."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>[Study guide covering chapter 5, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmstudentresources\/biochem\/biochem-ch5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">PDF<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Last edited: 08.04.2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Important functional groups: those with oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Acyl group: the part of the structure that provides the &#8211;C=O carbonyl group in an ester\/amide linkage. &#8220;-yl&#8221; ending.<\/li><li>Aliphatic: open chains (non-ring).<\/li><li>Aromatics\/Benzene rings. &#8220;Phenyl&#8221; if ring is a substituent.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Carbohydrates (sugars).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Formula: CnH2nOn. Glucose is C6H12O6. <\/li><li>Classified by: carbonyl group (aldose\/ketose); # of carbons; positions of the -OH group on the anomeric carbon (D=right\/L=left OH position, stereoisomers, epimers); any additional substituents; number of saccharides; how the components are linked (e.g. glycosidic bonds).<\/li><li>For n asym centers &gt;&gt; 2^n stereoisomers generally speaking.<\/li><li>Humans use D-sugars. &#8220;D for Delightful sugars!&#8221;<\/li><li>Epimer: a pair of stereoisomers that differ only in one position of the OH at a chiral carbon.<\/li><li>Epimerases: enzymes that make epimer conversions.<\/li><li>Glycoproteins: proteins + sugars.<\/li><li>Proteoglycans: proteins that are heavily glycosylated. Many long unbranched polysaccharide chains  attached to a protein core. VIP to extracellular matrix, aqueous humor, cells that make mucous secretions, &amp; cartilage.<\/li><li>Glycosaminoglycans: polypeptide chains with repeating disaccharide units w\/oxidized acid sugars, sulfated sugars, and N-acetylated amino sugars. Structure looks like a bottle brush.<\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/themedicalbiochemistrypage.org\/glycans.php\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/themedicalbiochemistrypage.org\/glycans.php<\/a> <\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/11\/1\/27\/pdf\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/11\/1\/27\/pdf<\/a><\/li><li> Glycosylation: a reaction where a carbohydrate is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group.<\/li><li>Glycolipids: lipids + sugars.<\/li><li>In solution, OH on anomeric carbon spontaneously changes (mutarotation) from alpha to beta and back to change from open to ring forms such as chair\/boat etc. Chair\/boat etc are usually more stable so there&#8217;s a greater chance that a compound will be in those configurations.<\/li><li>If the anomeric carbon forms a bond with another molecule, those mutarotations cannot happen due to the   bond which limits configurational possibilities.<\/li><li>Common substituted groups: phosphate, amino, sulfate or N-acetyl.<\/li><li>Most free monosaccharides in the body are phosphorylated at the terminal carbons preventing transport out of cell.<\/li><li>Galactosamine &amp; glucosamine are examples of an amino group replacing one of the OH groups. Usu. the amino group gets acetylated forming an N-acetylated sugar.<\/li><li>Acetylation: adding an acetyl functional group to a compound.<\/li><li>Acyl group.  <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.chem.ucla.edu\/~harding\/IGOC\/A\/acetyl_group.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.chem.ucla.edu\/~harding\/IGOC\/A\/acetyl_group.html<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oit.edu\/docs\/default-source\/library-documents\/library-publishing\/che102-intro-organic-chemistry\/chapter-1-7.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.oit.edu\/docs\/default-source\/library-documents\/library-publishing\/che102-intro-organic-chemistry\/chapter-1-7.pdf<\/a> <\/li><li>Sugars can get oxidized at the aldehyde carbon to form &#8220;-onic acid&#8221; or &#8220;-onate&#8221;.<\/li><li>Uronic (&#8220;-uronic acid&#8221;) acid forms when the the terminal OH group gets oxidized.<\/li><li>Polyol sugar: a sugar where the aldehyde gets reduced where all the carbon atoms have OH. Eg. Sorbitol.<\/li><li>Deoxy sugar: a sugar that has reduced such that 1+ carbons contains only H&#8217;s. Carbon 2 of deoxyribose.<\/li><li>The OH of the anomeric carbon can react with an OH (O glycosidic bonds found in sugar-sugar, sugar-hydroxyl  bonds) or NH (N glycosidic bonds found in nucleosides and nucleotides) group to form an alpha\/beta glycosidic bond.<\/li><li>Alpha glycosidic bond. The Greek alpha looks like a fish which is DOWN in the sea.<\/li><li>Beta glycosidic bond. The Greek beta looks like a bird UP in the air.<\/li><li>Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides  joined by O-glycosidic bond.<\/li><li>Oligosaccharide: 3-12 linked monosaccharides via N or O glycosidic bonds.<\/li><li>Polysaccharides: thousands of monosaccharides joined to make chains and\/or branches.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Lipids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hydrophobic.<\/li><li>Usu. straight chains, methyl group at one end (w-carbon) and carboxyl at the other end.<\/li><li>Most FA in humans have even number of carbons betw. 16-20.<\/li><li>Most common FA in cells are stearic and palmitic FAs.<\/li><li>*Special notation for FA&#8217;s pg. 69-70.<\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/rogersal.people.cofc.edu\/Lipids.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/rogersal.people.cofc.edu\/Lipids.pdf<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.mcgill.ca\/~rwest\/wikispeedia\/wpcd\/wp\/f\/Fatty_acid.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.cs.mcgill.ca\/~rwest\/wikispeedia\/wpcd\/wp\/f\/Fatty_acid.htm<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-nutrition\/chapter\/2-33-fatty-acid-naming-food-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-nutrition\/chapter\/2-33-fatty-acid-naming-food-sources\/<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3646453\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3646453\/<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uio.no\/studier\/emner\/matnat\/farmasi\/nedlagte-emner\/FRM2041\/v06\/undervisningsmateriale\/fatty_acids.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.uio.no\/studier\/emner\/matnat\/farmasi\/nedlagte-emner\/FRM2041\/v06\/undervisningsmateriale\/fatty_acids.pdf<\/a>  <\/li><li>FA also classified by distance from w-carbon to the double bond.<\/li><li>Fatty acids. Esterified to glycerol &gt;&gt; triacylglycerols (triglycerides) or phosphoacylglycerols (phosphoglycerols).<\/li><li>Tri acyl glyderols: 3 acyl FA groups attached to glycerol; fat stores in the body.<\/li><li>Sphingolipids: FA  + sphingosine (serine + palmitate FA). No glycerol backbone. <\/li><li>Ceramides (type of amides) = sphingosine + FA attached at the amino group.<\/li><li>More sphingolipids formed from attaching substituents onto the OH of the ceramide.<\/li><li>Cerebrosides + gangliosides = sugars glycosidically bonded to OH of ceramides.<\/li><li>Sphingomyelin = phosphorylcholine + ceramide; vip part of cell membranes and myelin sheath.<\/li><li>Glycolipids: lipids + sugar hydroxyl group.<\/li><li>Polyunsaturated FA: building blocks of eicosanoids.<\/li><li>Eicosanoids: signalling molecules via enZ or non-enZ oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsat. FA. Hormone-like compounds. Polyunsat FA with 20 carbons (eicosa) and have 3-4-or-5 double bonds (e.g. prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes).<\/li><li>Naturally occurring FA typically cis.<\/li><li>There are also trans.<\/li><li>Cholesterol: formed from isoprene units.<\/li><li>Bile salts.<\/li><li>Steroid hormones.<\/li><li>Isoprenyl unit: combined in long chains to make structures such as side chains of Coenzyme Q in humans and Vit A in plants. <\/li><li>Geranyl groups = 10 carbons &amp; polymers of isoprenyl units. <\/li><li>Farnesyl groups = 15 carbons + isoprenyl units.<\/li><li>Geranyl and farnesyl groups often get attached to proteins so that proteins can interact w\/other cellular structures.<\/li><li>Acylglycerols: glycerol with 1+ FAs (acyls via ester linkages). Mono- di- and tri-acylglycerols contain 1, 2, and 3 FA esterified to glycerol. Triacylglycerols don&#8217;t usu. have the same FA at all 3 positions (usu. mixed).<\/li><li>Phosphoacylglycerols: FA at positions 1 and 2; phosphate group (or substituent attached to phosphate group) at position 3. If it&#8217;s only the phosphate group and NO other substituents at position 3, then it&#8217;s a phosphatidic acid.<\/li><li>Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) found in membranes. Has polar and nonpolar duality.<\/li><li>Lysolipid =  phosphoacylglycerols &#8211; fatty acyl group<\/li><li>Steroids: 4-ring steroid nucleus; cholesterol precursor; diff species made by modifying ring or C20-side chains.<\/li><li>Cholesterol hydrophobic can convert to hydrophilic bile salt (eg. cholic acid). Branched 5-carbon units w\/1 double bond (isoprenyl unit)<\/li><li>Bile salts are on micelles survaces in the intestinal lumen.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Nitrogen Compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Amino groups.<\/li><li>Heterocyclic ring.<\/li><li>Amino acids: carboxyl group; amino group; 1+carbons.<\/li><li>Purines: has heterocyclic N ring.<\/li><li>Pyrimidines: has heterocyclic N ring. <\/li><li>Pyridines: has heterocyclic N ring. <\/li><li>Nucleosides: N ring + sugar (usu. ribose or deoxyribose) via N-glycosidic bond.<\/li><li>Nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphate.<\/li><li>In proteins, amino acids (AA) are L-alpha-AA.<\/li><li>While it is rare that beta or gamma AAs get formed, only L-alpha-AAs get incorporated into proteins.<\/li><li>D-aminos are used by bacterial in their cell walls.<\/li><li>N as a component in heterocyclic rings or N-bases.<\/li><li>Common rings: purines, pyrimidines, pyridines.<\/li><li>&#8220;-ines&#8221; denotes nitrogen in the structure. Uracil (pyrimidine) is an exception to the naming.<\/li><li>Tautomers: in N rings, hydrogen can shift positions with the double bonds and this is called tautomers or tautomerization.<\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(Soderberg)\/13%3A_Reactions_with_stabilized_carbanion_intermediates_I\/13.1%3A_Tautomers\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(Soderberg)\/13%3A_Reactions_with_stabilized_carbanion_intermediates_I\/13.1%3A_Tautomers<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.chem.ox.ac.uk\/vrchemistry\/nor\/notes\/tautomers.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.chem.ox.ac.uk\/vrchemistry\/nor\/notes\/tautomers.htm<\/a> <\/li><li> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/organic-chemistry\/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry\/formation-of-enolate-anions\/v\/keto-enol-tautomerization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/organic-chemistry\/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry\/formation-of-enolate-anions\/v\/keto-enol-tautomerization<\/a> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Free Radicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Compounds w\/single electron in outer shell.<\/li><li>Extremely reactive and unstable.<\/li><li>Usually formed as intermediates.<\/li><li>Usu. negative effects.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Oxidation\/Reduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen bonds said to be oxidized or reduced depending on # of electrons around the carbon.<\/li><li>LEO: lose electrons (lose H atoms) oxidation.<\/li><li>GER: gain (gain H or lose O) electrons reduction.<\/li><li>More oxidized from alcohol to aldehyde\/ketone to carboxyl.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Acid\/Base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cations are catfabulous (+)! Anions (onions) make you cry (-).<\/li><li>Common anionic groups: carboxylate; phosphates (P); sulfates.<\/li><li>Common cationic groups: N, amines.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Bond Polarity &amp; Partial Charges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Carboxylate.<\/li><li>Phosphate.<\/li><li>Sulfate.<\/li><li>Ester = carboxylic acid + alcohol &#8211; water<\/li><li>Thioester = acid + sulfhydryl<\/li><li>Amide = acid + amine<\/li><li>Phosphoester = phosphoric acid + alcohol<\/li><li>Anhydride = acid1 + acid2<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268224079_A_New_and_Simple_Method_for_Drawing_of_the_Monosaccharide_Fischer_Projection_Based_on_New_Monosaccharide's_Barcodes\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268224079_A_New_and_Simple_Method_for_Drawing_of_the_Monosaccharide_Fischer_Projection_Based_on_New_Monosaccharide&#8217;s_Barcodes<\/a> <\/li><li>Isoprene unit.  <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Ancillary_Materials\/Reference\/Organic_Chemistry_Glossary\/Isoprene_Rule\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Ancillary_Materials\/Reference\/Organic_Chemistry_Glossary\/Isoprene_Rule<\/a> <\/li><li>Drawing sugars.  <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.chtf.stuba.sk\/~szolcsanyi\/education\/files\/Chemia%20heterocyklickych%20zlucenin\/Prednaska%206\/Odporucane%20studijne%20materialy\/Drawing%20sugar%20structures.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.chtf.stuba.sk\/~szolcsanyi\/education\/files\/Chemia%20heterocyklickych%20zlucenin\/Prednaska%206\/Odporucane%20studijne%20materialy\/Drawing%20sugar%20structures.pdf<\/a> <\/li><li>Aldose configurations.  <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.04_Configurations_of_Aldoses\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.04_Configurations_of_Aldoses<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.01_Classification_of_Carbohydrates\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.01_Classification_of_Carbohydrates<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.02_Depicting_Carbohydrate_Stereochemistry%3A_Fischer_Projections\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.02_Depicting_Carbohydrate_Stereochemistry%3A_Fischer_Projections<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.03_D%2C_L_Sugars\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.03_D%2C_L_Sugars<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.05_Cyclic_Structures_of_Monosaccharides%3A_Anomers\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.05_Cyclic_Structures_of_Monosaccharides%3A_Anomers<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.06_Reactions_of_Monosaccharides\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.06_Reactions_of_Monosaccharides<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.08_Disaccharides\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.08_Disaccharides<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.09_Polysaccharides_and_Their_Synthesis\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.09_Polysaccharides_and_Their_Synthesis<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.10_Other_Important_Carbohydrates\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_25%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Carbohydrates\/25.10_Other_Important_Carbohydrates<\/a> <\/li><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_26%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Amino_Acids%2C_Peptides%2C_and_Proteins\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Organic_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(McMurry)\/Chapter_26%3A_Biomolecules%3A_Amino_Acids%2C_Peptides%2C_and_Proteins<\/a> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>References.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\nLieberman,&nbsp;M., &amp; Peet,&nbsp;A. (2017).&nbsp;<em>Marks&#8217; basic medical biochemistry: A clinical approach<\/em>(5th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: LWW.\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Study guide covering chapter 5, PDF] Last edited: 08.04.2019 Important functional groups: those with oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur. Acyl group: the part of the structure that provides the &#8211;C=O carbonyl group in an ester\/amide linkage. &#8220;-yl&#8221; ending. Aliphatic: open chains (non-ring). Aromatics\/Benzene rings. &#8220;Phenyl&#8221; if ring is a substituent. Carbohydrates (sugars). Formula: CnH2nOn. Glucose is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biochemistry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4173"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4210,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4173\/revisions\/4210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}