{"id":4962,"date":"2019-11-03T09:17:03","date_gmt":"2019-11-03T17:17:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/?p=4962"},"modified":"2019-11-03T09:50:47","modified_gmt":"2019-11-03T17:50:47","slug":"embryology-the-cell-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/embryology\/embryology-the-cell-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"Embryology: The Cell Cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The Cell Cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Two main stages: Interphase and Mitosis.<\/li><li><strong>G0 Phase<\/strong>. The phase after mitosis and it can be a &#8220;dormant&#8221; type of phase before interphase actively begins again.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Interphase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>G1 (1st Gap) Phase<\/strong>. Physically grows larger and proliferates its organelles. Make a ton of shit to get ready to divide it up. Synthesize RNA and proteins. <strong>G1 Checkpoint<\/strong>. Make sure things are ready for DNA synthesis.<\/li><li><strong>S (Synthesis) Phase<\/strong>. Duplicate DNA. Duplicate centrosomes.<\/li><li><strong>G2 (2nd Gap) Phase<\/strong>. Grows more and makes more stuff to get ready for mitosis. G2 ends when mitosis begins. <strong>G2 Checkpoint<\/strong>. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Cell Cycle Regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>R, Restriction Point<\/strong>. Major checkpoint at end of G1 prior to S.<\/li><li><strong>S phase checkpoint<\/strong>: CDK2 and Cyclin A.<\/li><li><strong>G2 Checkpoint<\/strong>: CDK1 and Cyclin B.<\/li><li><strong>M Checkpoint<\/strong>.<\/li><li><strong>G1 Checkpoint<\/strong>: CDK4 and Cyclin D; CDK2 and Cyclin E.<\/li><li><strong>Cdk. Cyclin dependent kinase<\/strong>. Adds phosphate to protein. Major checkpoint. If all is good, allows cell to move from G1 to S to G2 to M.<\/li><li><strong>MPF. Maturation Promotion Factor<\/strong>. Includes Cdk and cyclins. Allows cells to move between phases.<\/li><li><strong>p53<\/strong>. Protein that blocks cell cycle if DNA is damaged. If damage is real bad, causes cell apoptosis. p53 levels increased if DNA damaged; a &#8220;hold&#8221; is put and allows time for fixing DNA. p53 mutation is big factor leading to cancer.<\/li><li><strong>p27<\/strong>. Binds to cyclin and Cdk, blocks entry into S phase.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Mitotic Phase (Mitosis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Goal<\/strong>: divide the already duplicated DNA and divide the organelles to make two completely identical copies of the original cell.<\/li><li><strong>Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis<\/strong> (division of cytoplasm, organelles, and cleaving\/pinching off the cell membrane to make 2 distinct and identical cells).<\/li><li><strong>Interphase<\/strong>. High metabolic activity. Chromatin are not distinct. A pair of centrioles have not yet been duplicated.<\/li><li><strong>Prophase<\/strong>. Chromatin condense and are visible = chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears. Centrioles move to opposite poles. Mitotic spindle fibers begin forming.<\/li><li><strong>Prometaphase<\/strong>. *Nuclear membrane dissolves. Proteins attach to <strong>centromeres <\/strong>(region where microtubules of spindle will attach), creating <strong>kinetochores <\/strong>(protein complex assoc. with centromeres).<\/li><li><strong>Metaphase<\/strong>. Paired chromosomes line up at the metaphasic plate.<\/li><li><strong>Anaphase<\/strong>. Paired chromosomes separate at kinetochores and move to opposite poles.<\/li><li><strong>Telophase<\/strong>. Chromatids are at opposite poles, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes get all loose again = chromatin. Spindle fibers disassemble\/disperse.<\/li><li><strong>Cytokinesis<\/strong>. An actin ring forms and divides the cell.<\/li><li><strong>Chromatin <\/strong>= DNA + structural proteins, histones. The loose, uncondensed form of DNA.<\/li><li><strong>Chromosome <\/strong>= condensed form of DNA.<\/li><li><strong>Chromatid <\/strong>= each of a sister chromatin. One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. The two identical copies are joined at the centromere.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314255671_Difference_Between_Chromatin_and_Chromosome\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314255671_Difference_Between_Chromatin_and_Chromosome<\/a> <\/li><li> <a href=\"https:\/\/teachmephysiology.com\/basics\/cell-growth-death\/cell-cycle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/teachmephysiology.com\/basics\/cell-growth-death\/cell-cycle\/<\/a> <\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Cell Cycle Two main stages: Interphase and Mitosis. G0 Phase. The phase after mitosis and it can be a &#8220;dormant&#8221; type of phase before interphase actively begins again. Interphase. G1 (1st Gap) Phase. Physically grows larger and proliferates its organelles. Make a ton of shit to get ready to divide it up. Synthesize RNA [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-embryology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4962","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4962"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4962\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4971,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4962\/revisions\/4971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4962"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4962"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrativewellnessandmovement.com\/iwmbasicscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4962"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}