Month: September 2018

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Transverse Abdominis.

Structure.

• Origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and cartilages of ribs 5-10.
• Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis.

Function.

• Concentric action: increase intra-abdominal pressure; support abdominal viscera.
• Reverse mover action: increase intra-abdominal pressure; support abdominal viscera.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows abdominalpelvic cavity expansion.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex (synergistically with internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae).
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12 iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve.
• Arterial supply: subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries, deep circumflex iliac artery, inferior epigastric artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFiyGkXaKZ4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6hqhnSM-MU

Transverse abdominis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Internal Oblique.

Structure.

• Origin: anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and thoracolumbar fascia.
• Insertion: cartilage of ribs 9-12; linea alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal bilateral flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation; compress abdomen.
• Reverse mover action: pelvic posterior tilt, lower trunk flexion; ipsilateral pelvic elevation; lateral trunk flexion; contralateral rotation of pelvis, contralateral rotation of lower trunk; compress abdominopelvic cavity.
• Eccentric action: control/restrains/slows spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12; iliohypogastric nerve; ilioinguinal nerve.
• Arterial supply: subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries, deep circumflex iliac artery, inferior epigastric artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://youtu.be/IoDT3b4BeY4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5q6oSVdCQ

Internal oblique. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—External Oblique.

Structure.

• Origin: external surface of ribs 5-12.
• Insertion: anterior iliac crest of pelvis, linea alba, and contralateral rectus.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal flexion (especially lumbar region), lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation; compress abdomen.
• Reverse mover action: pelvic posterior tilt, lower trunk flexion, ipsilateral elevation of pelvis, lower trunk lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation of pelvis.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12; iliohypogastric L1.
• Arterial supply: subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries, deep circumflex iliac artery, inferior epigastric artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5q6oSVdCQ

External oblique. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Abdominis.

Structure.

• Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis.
• Insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7; xiphoid process.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal flexion (especially lumbar portion), lateral flexion, and rotation; compress abdomen (defecation, urination, forced exhalation, childbirth).
• Reverse mover action: pelvic posterior tilt; lower trunk flexion; ipsilateral pelvic elevation; abdominopelvic conpression.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12. Intercostal nerves.
• Arterial supply: superior epigastric artery inferior epigastric artery, terminal branches of subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.physio-pedia.com/Abdominal_Muscle_Anatomy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbwDle81JzM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HshbNbhC2MI

Rectus abdominis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Quadratus Lumborum.

Structure.

• Origin: iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament.
• Insertion: 12th rib, transverse processes L2-L5.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal lateral flexion; pulls rib 12 inferiorly during forced exhalation; fix ribs to prevent elevation during deep inhalation; help lumbar extension. Anterior pelvic tilt and lower spine extension relative to upper spine.
• Reverse mover action: trunk lateral flexion; rib 12 depression; trunk extension.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/decelerates contralateral and lateral spinal flexion; rib 12 elevation; ipsilateral depression and posterior tilt of pelvis.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex.
• Innervation: spinal nerves T12-L3.
• Arterial supply: branches of subcostal and lumbar arteries; iliolumbar artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://youtu.be/VsW896n71HU
• https://youtu.be/ovQYBAiv8cI

Quadratus lumborum. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Obliquus Capitis Superior.

Structure.

• Origin: transverse process of C1.
• Insertion: occipital between the superior and inferior nuchal lines.

Function.

• Concentric action: head protraction. Lesser: lateral flexion, extension, and contralateral rotation of head.
• Reverse mover action: C1 retraction, lateral flexiont, extension, and ipsilateral rotation of C1.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows retraction, contralateral lateral flexion, flexion, ipsilateral rotation of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and C1.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Obliquus capitus superior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Obliquus Capitis Inferior.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous process of C2.
• Insertion: transverse process of C1.

Function.

• Concentric action: ipsilateral rotation of C1.
• Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of C2.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows contralateral rotation of C1, ipsilateral rotation of C2.
• Isometric action: stabilization of C1 and C2.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Obliquus capitus inferior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor.

Structure.

• Origin: posterior tubercle of C1.
• Insertion: medial 1/2 of inferior nuchal line.

Function.

• Concentric action: head protraction at AOJ (atlanto-occipital joint). Lesser: head extension, lateral flexion of head.
• Reverse mover action: C1 retraction, C1 extension, lateral flexion of C1.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows retraction, flexion, and lateral flexion of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and AOJ.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis posterior minor. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Posterior Major.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous process of C2.
• Insertion: later 1/2 of inferior nuchal line.

Function.

• Concentric action: head extension at atlanto-occipital joint (AOJ). Lesser: head lateral flexion; head ipsilateral rotation.
• Reverse mover action: upper cervical spine extension, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and AOJ.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis posterior major. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Splenius Cervicis.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous processes of T3-T6.
• Insertion: transverse processes of C1-C2.

Function.

• Concentric action: extend head; laterally flex and rotate head to same side as contracting muscle.
• Reverse mover action: extension, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation of upper thoracic spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation of neck.
• Isometric action: stabilization of neck.
• Innervation: inferior cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery and dorsal branches of upper posterior intercostal arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Splenius cervicis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.