Month: September 2018

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Muscles: Trapezius Lower.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Trapezius, Lower.

Structure.

  • Origin: superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae; spinous process of C7, T1-T12.
  • Insertion: spine of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular depression at scapulocostal joint (ScC). Retracts scapula at ScC. Upwardly rotates the scapula at the ScC.
  • Reverse mover actions: extends trunk at spinal joints; contralateral rotation of the trunk at spinal joints; lateral flexion of the trunk at the spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular elevation, protraction, and downward rotation at the ScC. Controls/restrains/slows flexion, ipsilateral rotation, and contralateral flexion of trunk at spinal joints.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula and clavicle. Stabilizes head, neck, trunk at the spinal joints.
  • Innervation: accessory XI nerve; cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
  • Arterial supply: transverse cervical artery (branch from thyrocervical trunk), dorsal scapular artery (branch from subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Rhomboid Major.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rhomboid Major.

Structure.

  • Origin: spinous process of T2-T5.
  • Insertion: vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular retraction at scapulocostal joint (ScC), elevates scapula at ScC, and downward rotation.
  • Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of the trunk at spinal joints; extends trunk at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular protraction depression, upward rotation, and lateral tilt; controls/restrains/slows flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the trunk.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula; stabilization of C7-T5 vertebrae.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve, C4, C5.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Rhomboid Minor.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rhomboid Minor.

Structure.

  • Origin: spinous process of C7-T1.
  • Insertion: vertebral border of scapula superior to spine.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular retraction and downward rotation. Medially tilts scapula at the scapulocostal joint (ScC).
  • Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of trunk at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular protraction depression, upward rotation, and lateral tilt; controls/restrains/slows flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the trunk.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula; stabilization of C7-T5 vertebrae.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Levator Scapulae.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Levator Scapulae.

Structure.

  • Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4.
  • Insertion: superior vertebral border of scapulae.

Function.

  • Concentric action: cervical extension, lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation when scapulae are anchored; elevation and downward rotation of scapulae. Scapular retraction at scapulocostal joint (ScC).
  • Reverse mover action: neck extension at spinal joints; lateral flexion of the neck at spinal joints; ipsilateral rotation of the neck at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: cervical flexion, contralateral rotation, lateral flexion; scapular depression and upward rotation when neck is stabilized.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapulae and cervical spine.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve; cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of the subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Serratus Anterior.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Serratus Anterior.

Structure.

  • Origin: ribs 1-8 or ribs 1-9.
  • Insertion: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular protraction/abduct scapula, elevation, depression, medial tilt, downward tilt, and upward rotation; elevates ribs when scapula is stabilized; “boxer’s muscle” (horizontal arm movements, punching, pushing).
  • Reverse mover action: retracts trunk at scapulocostal joint (ScC); depresses trunk at ScC; elevates trunk at ScC.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular retraction, downward rotation, depresion, elevation, lateral tilt, and upward tilt. Controls/restrains/slows protraction, elevation, and depression of the trunk.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula and stabilization of the rib cage.
  • Innervation: long thoracic nerve C5-C7.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of subclavian artery), lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery), superior thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery).

Clinical Significance.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Pectoralis Minor.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Pectoralis Minor.

Structure.

  • Origin: ribs 2-5, ribs 3-5, or ribs 2-4.
  • Insertion: coracoid process of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: protracts scapula/abduction, depresses scapula, and downward rotation; lateral tilting the scapula at he scapulocostal joint (ScC), upward tilt of scapula at ScC.
  • Reverse mover action: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is stabilized.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular retraction, elevation, upward rotation, medial tilt, and downward tilt; controls/restrains/slows depression of ribs 3-5.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the shoulder girdle, stabilization of scapula, stabilizes ribs 3-5.
  • Innervation: medial pectoral nerve.
  • Arterial supply: pectoral branches of the thoracoacromial trunk (branch of axillary artery); posterior intercostal arteries (branch of aorta); lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Subclavius.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Subclavius.

Structure.

  • Origin: first rib.
  • Insertion: clavicle.

Function.

  • Concentric action: depress and move clavicle anteriorly at sternoclavicular joint (SC); protraction of clavicle at SC, downward rotation of clavicle at SC joint; helps stabilize pectoral girdle.
  • Reverse mover action: elevate first rib of sternocostal and costospinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows clavicular retraction, elevation, upward rotation, and controls/restrains/slows depression of first rib.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula. Stabilization of clavicle and first rib.
  • Innervation: subclavian nerve.
  • Arterial supply: clavicular branch of thoracoacromial trunk (branch of axillary artery), suprascapular artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Joints: Synovial Joint Types.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints—Synovial Joint Types.

 

Structure.

Plane joints.

  • Biaxial diarthroses.
  • Flattish or very slightly curved.
  • Gliding types of planar movements (e.g. sideways or back and forth).
  • May also rotate about.
  • E.g. intercarpal (in wrist bones); intertarsal (ankle bones); sternoclavicular joint; acromionclavicular; vertebrocostal joints (ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.

Hinge joints.

  • Uniaxial diarthrosis.
  • Like a hinge (door hinge); the bones “fit together” and “open-close” about a pivot point.
  • Usually, one bone is “stationary” (like a door frame) while the other bone is the moving part (like the door).
  • Rotational movement is about one axis.
  • Flexion and extension.
  • E.g. knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes.

Pivot joints.

  • Uniaxial diarthrosis.
  • A rounded/pointy bone articulates with a “ring-like” structure formed by another bone and ligaments.
  • Rotates about one axis.
  • E.g. atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2); radioulnar joint (supinate-pronate).

Condyloid joints.

  • Biaxial diarthrosis.
  • Oval shaped end of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another.
  • Movement about 2 axis: flexion-extension; abduction-adduction; very limited circumduction.
  • E.g. wrist; metacarpophalangeal joints (II-V).

Saddle joints.

  • Biaxial diarthrosis.
  • One end of bone (concave) is shaped like a saddle and the other surface is convex and fits the saddle-shaped depression of the other bone.
  • Movement about 3 axis: sideways; up-down; limited circumduction.

Ball and socket joints.

  • Triaxial diarthrosis.
  • Allows for the most movement.
  • Movement about 3 axis: flexion-extension; abductio-adduction; rotations/circumduction.
  • E.g. shoulder joint; hip joint.

 

Function.

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

 

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Joints: Ligaments.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints—Ligaments.

 

Structure.

 

Shoulder.

  • Articular capsule: thin loose sac lining that encompasses all the shoulder joint structures—glenoid cavity to anatomic neck of humerus.
  • Coracohumeral ligament: ligament that runs from the coracoid process (scapula) to greater tubercle (humerus). It lies deep to the subacromial bursa, the coracoacromial ligament.
  • Glenohumeral ligaments: 3 ligamentous bundles anterior and deep to the subacromial bursa and coracoacromial ligament. They run from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of humerus. Stabilize shoulder near endpoints of ROM.
  • Glenoid labrum: narrow strip of fibrocartilage around the perimeters of the glenoid cavity that provides a little deeper and more surface area for the socket.
  • Bursae: reduce friction. There are 4: subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial, and subcoracoid bursa.
  • Acromioclavicular ligament.
  • Coracoacromial ligament.
  • Transverse humeral ligament.
  • Coracoclavicular ligament.
    • Conoid ligament.
    • Trapezoid ligament.
  • Superior transverse scapular ligament.

 

Elbow.

  • Articular capsule: from humerus to ulna and anular ligament.
  • Anular ligament: around the head of the radius. Posteriorly runs from capitulum, olecranon fossa, and lateral epicondyle of humerus; to anular ligament of radius, olecranon of ulna, and ulnar posterior and radial notch..
  • Ulnar collateral ligament: from medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid proces and olecranon of ulna.
  • Radial collateral ligament: runs from lateral epicondyle of humerus to anular ligament of radius and ulnar radial notch.
  • Anular ligament of radius: encircles radial head to help hold the radial head to ulnar radial notch.

 

Hip.

  • Articular capsule: dense and strong; extending from edge of acetabulum to femoral neck. Articular capsule is strengthened by the bidirectional fibers: circular fibers zona orbicularis (like a collar around the neck); and longitudinal fibers.
  • Iliofemoral ligament: runs from ilium of hip to intertrochanteric line of femur.
  • Pubofemoral ligament: the part of the articular capsule that runs from the ischial wall of the acetabulum to femoral neck. Slacks: adduction. Tenses: abduction. Reinforces articular capsule.
  • Ligament of femoral head: runs from the fossa of acetabulum to fovea capitis of femoral head.
  • Acetabular labrum: a fibrocartilage rim around acetabulum to increase the depth and surface area of the hip socket to the head of femur can articulate.
  • Transverse ligament of acetabulum: crosses over the inferior acetabulum and connects with ligament of femoral head and articular capsule.

 

Knee.

  • Articular capsule.
  • Medial and lateral patellar retinacula: fused band of tendons at the quadriceps femoris muscle and fascia lata (deep fascia) of thigh. Reinforces anterior of joint.
  • Patellar ligament: from the tendon of quad femoris extending from the patella to tibial tuberosity. The infrapatellar fat pad separates this ligament from the synovial membrane.
  • Oblique popliteal ligament: from lateral condyle of femur to head and medial tibial condyles. Reinforces posterior of joint.
  • Arcuate popliteal ligament: from lateral condyle of femur to fibular head. Reinforces posterior of joint.
  • Tibial collateral ligament: from the femoral medial condyle to tibial medial condyle. Reinforces medial area of joint. Attaches to menisus as well.
  • Fibular collateral ligament: runs from femoral lateral condyle to fibular head. Reinforces lateral area of joint.
  • Intracapsular ligaments: located within articular capsule; runs from femur to tibia.
  • Cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior): attached to tibia and cross over each other to the femural end.
    • Anterior cruciate ligament: runs from posterior to lateral; from the anterior tibial intercondylar area to the femoral medial surface of the lateral condyle. ACL limits ROM hyperextension and prevents anterior sliding dislocations.
    • Posterior cruciate ligament: runs from tibial posterior intercondylar area to femoral lateral area of medial condyle. Prevents sliding dislocations upon knee flexion.
  • Articular discs (menisci): 2 discs made of fibrocartilage to pad out the bones.
    • Medial meniscus.
    • Lateral meniscus.
  • Bursae.

 

Function.

 

 

Clinical Significance.

  • Rotator cuff injury: usually a strain/tear of the rotator cuff muscles (esp. supraspinatus tendon).
  • Dislocated shoulder: usually results from the displacement of the head of the humerus (usually inferiorly).
  • Separated shoulder: usually where the scapular acromion is displaced from the clavicular acromial end from some kind of blow to that area or fall.
  • Torn glenoid labrum: when the fibrocartilaginous labrum tears away from the glenoid cavity.

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

 

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Joints: Example Joints List

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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints—Example Joint List.

 

Structure.

Joint Structural Classification Functional Classification
Suture Fibrous. Amphiarthrosis & synarthrosis.
Atlanto-occipital Synovial-condyloid. Diarthrosis.
Atlanto-axial Synovial-pivot betw. dens and anterior arch; synovial-planar betw. lateral masses. Diarthrosis.
Intervertebral Cartilaginous-symphasis betw. bodies; synovial betw. arches. Amphiarthrosis; diarthrosis.
Vertebrocostal Synovial-planar. Diarthrosis.
Sternocostal Cartilaginous-synchrondrosis betw. sternum & 1st pair; synovial-planar betw. sternum & 2nd to 7th pair. Synarthrosis; diarthrosis.
Lumbosacral Cartilaginous-symphysis betw. body & base; synovial-planar betw. articular facets. Amphiarthrosis betw. body & base; diarthrosis betw. articular facets.
Sternoclavicular Synovial planar, pivot. Diarthrosis.
Acromioclavicular Synovial-planar. Diarthrosis.
Radioulnar Synovial-pivot. Diarthrosis.
Wrist (radiocarpal) Synovial-condyloid. Diarthrosis.
Intercarpal Synovial-planar except for hamate, scaphoid, and lunate which are synovial-saddle. Diarthrosis.
Carpometacarpal Synovial-saddle at thumb; synovial-planar remaining digits. Diarthrosis.
Metacarpophalangeal & metatarsophalangeal Synovial-condyloid. Diarthrosis.
Interphalangeal Synovial-hinge. Diarthrosis.
Sacroiliac Synovial-planar. Diarthrosis.
Pubic symphasis Cartilaginous-symphasis. Amphiarthrosis.
Tibiofibular Synovial-planar proximally; fibrous-syndesmosis distally. Diarthrosis proximally; amphiarthrosis distally.
Ankle (talocrural) Synovial-hinge. Diarthrosis.
Intertarsal Synovial-planar at subtalar and calcaneocuboid; synovial-saddle at talocalcaneonavicular. Diarthrosis.
Tarsometatarsal Synovial-plane. Diarthrosis.

Function.

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.