Studying anatomy & physiology grouped by regions of the body.
WORK IN PROGRESS…LAST UPDATE 01.20.2020
Hand
Bones of the Hand
| Pisiform Triquetrum Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium | Lunate Scaphoid Metacarpals Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) |
Muscles of the Thenar Eminence
| Opponens pollicis | flexor retinaculum, trapezium. | lateral 1st metacarpal. | thumb opposition (medially rotate first metacarpal). |
| Abductor pollicis brevis | flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium. | base of proximal phalanx of thumb. | abduct thumb at MCP. |
| Flexor pollicis brevis | flexor retinaculum, trapezium. | base of proximal phalanx of thumb. | flexes thumb at MCP. |
Innervated by brand of median nerve, primarily T1.
Hand: Hypothenar Muscles
| Abductor digiti minimi | pisiform, pisohamate ligament | proximal phalanx of 5th digit and extensor hood. | abduction of 5th digit at MCP joint. |
| Flexor digiti minimi brevis | hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. | proximal phalanx of 5th digit. | flexes 5th digit at MCP joint. |
| Opponens digiti minimi | hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. | 5th metacarpal shaft. | opposition with thumb by laterally rotating 5th metacarpal. |
Innervated by ulnar nerve, primarily T1.
Hand: Other Muscles
| Adductor pollicis (transverse & oblique heads) | bases of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals, capitate, metacarpal 3. | base of proximal phalanx of thumb. | adduct thumb. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palmaris brevis | palmar aponeurosis, flexor retinaculum. | dermis of skin on medial side of hand. | augment grip. |
| Palmar interossei | sides of metacarpals 2, 4, 5. | extensor expansions of proximal phalanges 2, 4, 5 digits. | adduct 2, 4, 5 digits. |
| Dorsal interossei | sides of adjacent metacarpals. | extensor expansions and base of proximal phalanges of 2-4 digits. | abduct 2-4 digits. |
| Lumbricals 1-4 | tendons of flexor digitorum profundus. | extensor expansions of 2-5th digits. | flex MCP joints, extend IP joint of 2-5. |
- Lumbricals 1-4
- Palmar interossei
- Dorsal interossei
- Palmaris brevis
- Adductor pollicis (transverse & oblique heads)
Innervated by ulnar nerve except lumbricals 2&3 by median nerve (primarily T1).
Joints
- Interphalangeal (hinge)
- Metacarpophalangeal (condyloid)
- Carpometacarpal (plane)
- Intercarpal (plane)
- Thumb CMC (saddle)
- Intermedicarpal (plane)
Ligaments/Tendons
Vascular Supply
Innervation
- Median nerve (mostly T1)
- Ulnar nerve (mostly T1)
Clinical/Pathology
Osteoarthritis
- Swollen joints. Heberden’s nodes. Outgrowth of bone (osteophyte). With loss of cartilage, bone rubs on bone. Hyperplasia of synovium w/inflammation. Subarticular bone cysts. More inflammation (synovium, joint capsule). Cartilage splits/erodes. Joint space narrowed w/cartilage loss. Edematous.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Trigger Finger
Cyclist’s Palsy
Scaphoid Fracture
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Median nerve entrapment.
- Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, lumbricals 1&2.
Ligaments/Tendons
- Collateral
- Palmar (palmar ligaments surround flexor tendons).
- Deep transverse metacarpal
Other Features
- Fibrous digital sheaths
- Extensor expansions
- Thenar eminence
- Hypothenar eminence
- Palmar aponeurosis (longitudinal fibers, transverse fibers, flexor retinaculum).
- Dupuytren’s Contracture
Detailed Studies
Notes
Reference
Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.
Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html
Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.
Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.
