Category: Muscles

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Obliquus Capitis Superior.

Structure.

• Origin: transverse process of C1.
• Insertion: occipital between the superior and inferior nuchal lines.

Function.

• Concentric action: head protraction. Lesser: lateral flexion, extension, and contralateral rotation of head.
• Reverse mover action: C1 retraction, lateral flexiont, extension, and ipsilateral rotation of C1.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows retraction, contralateral lateral flexion, flexion, ipsilateral rotation of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and C1.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Obliquus capitus superior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Obliquus Capitis Inferior.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous process of C2.
• Insertion: transverse process of C1.

Function.

• Concentric action: ipsilateral rotation of C1.
• Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of C2.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows contralateral rotation of C1, ipsilateral rotation of C2.
• Isometric action: stabilization of C1 and C2.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Obliquus capitus inferior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor.

Structure.

• Origin: posterior tubercle of C1.
• Insertion: medial 1/2 of inferior nuchal line.

Function.

• Concentric action: head protraction at AOJ (atlanto-occipital joint). Lesser: head extension, lateral flexion of head.
• Reverse mover action: C1 retraction, C1 extension, lateral flexion of C1.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows retraction, flexion, and lateral flexion of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and AOJ.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis posterior minor. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Posterior Major.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous process of C2.
• Insertion: later 1/2 of inferior nuchal line.

Function.

• Concentric action: head extension at atlanto-occipital joint (AOJ). Lesser: head lateral flexion; head ipsilateral rotation.
• Reverse mover action: upper cervical spine extension, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and AOJ.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis posterior major. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Splenius Cervicis.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous processes of T3-T6.
• Insertion: transverse processes of C1-C2.

Function.

• Concentric action: extend head; laterally flex and rotate head to same side as contracting muscle.
• Reverse mover action: extension, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation of upper thoracic spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation of neck.
• Isometric action: stabilization of neck.
• Innervation: inferior cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery and dorsal branches of upper posterior intercostal arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Splenius cervicis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Splenius Capitis.

Structure.

• Origin: ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7-T4.
• Insertion: occipital and mastoid process.

Function.

• Concentric action: extend head and neck; laterally flex and rotate head to same side as contracting muscle.
• Reverse mover action: cervical and thoracic spinal extension; lateral flexion of lower cervical and upper thoracic spine; contralateral rotation of lower cervical and upper thoracic spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation of head and neck.
• Isometric action: stabilize head and neck.
• Innervation: middle cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery.

Clinical Significance.

Splenius capitis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Lateralis.

Structure.

• Origin: superior surface of transverse process.
• Insertion: inferior surface of jugular process of occipital.

Function.

• Concentric action: lateral head flexion.
• Reverse mover action: atlas lateral flexion.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows contralateral lateral head flexion.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head.
• Innervation: cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: vertebral artery and occipital artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis lateralis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Anterior.

Structure.

• Origin: anterior surface of base of transverse process.
• Insertion: inferior surface of basilar occipital, anterior to foramen magnum.

Function.

• Concentric action: head flexion.
• Reverse mover action: atlas flexion.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows head extension.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head.
• Innervation: cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis anterior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Longus Capitis.

Structure.

• Origin: anterior tubercles of C3-C5.
• Insertion: inferior surface of basilar occiput, anterior to foramen magnum.

Function.

• Concentric action: neck and head flexion. Lesser: lateral flexion of head and neck.
• Reverse mover action: flexion and lateral flexion of lower neck.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows extension and contralateral lateral flexion of head and neck.
• Isometric action: stabilization of upper cervical spine.
• Innervation: cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: inferior thyroid artery, vertebral artery, ascending pharyngeal artery.

Clinical Significance.

Longus capitis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Longus Colli.

Structure.

• Superior Oblique
  • Origin: transverse process of C3-C5.
  • Insertion: anterior arch of C1.
• Inferior Oblique
  • Origin: anterior bodies of T1-T3.
  • Insertion: transverse processes of C5-C6.
• Vertical
  • Origin: anterior bodies of C5-T3.
  • Insertion: anterior bodies C2-C4.

Function.

• Concentric action: neck flexion, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.
• Reverse mover action: flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation of neck and upper back.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows extension and contralateral later flexion of neck; ipsilateral rotation of neck; contralateral rotation of neck and upper back.
• Isometric action: stabilization of cervical and upper thoracic spine.
• Innervation: cervical spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: inferior thyroid artery, vertebral artery, ascending pharyngeal artery.

Clinical Significance.

Longus colli. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.