Category: Muscles

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Sternocleidomastoid.

Structure.

• Origin: sternal head—top of manubrium; clavicular head—medial 1/3 of clavicle.
• Insertion: mastoid process, lateral superior nuchal line of occipital.

Function.

• Concentric action: cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion.
• Reverse mover action: elevate sternum and clavicle; ipsilateral rotation of trunk.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows cervical extension, rotation, and lateral flexion.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the cervical spine and acromioclavicular joint.
• Innervation: cranial nerve XI (accessory).
• Arterial supply: occipital and posterior auricular arteries, superior thyroid artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• http://anatomyzone.com/tutorials/musculoskeletal/organisation-of-the-neck/
• https://www.anatomynext.com/sternocleidomastoid/

Sternocleidomastoid. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Intertransversarii.

Structure.

• Origin: transverse processes of all vertebrae.
• Insertion: transverse process of vertebra above the origin.

Function.

• Concentric action: extend vertebral column (acting together); lateral flexion and stabilization (acting singly).
• Reverse mover action: lateral flexion of lower spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows lateral neck and trunk flexion.
• Isometric action: stabilization of neck and trunk.
• Innervation: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Intertransversarii. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Interspinales.

Structure.

• Origin: superior surface of spinous processes.
• Insertion: inferior surface of psinous process of vertebra superior to the one of origin.

Function.

• Concentric action: extend vertebral column (acting together); stabilize vertebral column (acting singly).
• Reverse mover action: extend lower spine.
• Eccentric action: control/restrains/slows neck and trunk flexion.
• Isometric action: stabilize head and spine.
• Innervation: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Interspinalis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rotatores.

Structure.

• Origin: transverse processes of all vertebra.
• Insertion: spinous processes above the origin.

Function.

• Concentric action: lateral flexion, spinal extension, and contralateral rotation of neck, and spine.
• Reverse mover action: ipsilateral rotation, extension, and lateral flexion of lower spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows ipsilateral rotation, flexion, and contralateral lateral flexion of neck and trunk; and contralateral rotation of lower spine.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the spine.
• Innervation: corresponding cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Rotatores. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Multifidus, of transversospinalis group.

Structure.

• Origin: posterior aspect of sacrum, ilium; transverse processes of L1-L5, T1-T12, and C1-C4.
• Insertion: spinous processes above the origin.

Function.

• Concentric action: neck and spinal extension, lateral flexion, and contralateral flexion.
• Reverse mover action: anterior til of pelvis, lower spine extension. Lesser: ipsilateral elevation of pelvis, lateral flexion of lower spine, ipsilateral rotation of pelvis.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows spinal flexion and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the spine.
• Innervation: corresponding cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Multifidus. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Semispinalis, of transversospinalis group.

Structure.

• Semispinalis Capitis
  • Origin: transverse processes of C7-T6, articular processes of C4-C6.
  • Insertion: occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines.
• Semispinalis Cervicis
  • Origin: transverse processes of T1-T5.
  • Insertion: spinous processes of C2-C5.
• Semispinalis Thoracis
  • Origin: transverse processes of T6-T10.
  • Insertion: spinous processes of C6-T4.

Function.

• Concentric action: head, neck, and trunk extension; lateral flexion of head, neck, and trunk; rotate head to side opposing contracting muscle.
• Reverse mover action: lower spine extension; lower spine lateral flexion; ipsilateral rotation of the lower spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion and contralateral lateral flexion of head, neck, and trunk; ipsilateral rotation of neck and trunk; contralateral rotation of the lower spine.
• Isometric action: stabilization of spine and head.
• Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries, deep cervical artery.

Clinical Significance.

Semispinalis capitis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

Semispinalis cervicis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

Semispinalis thoracis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Transversospinalis Group.

Structure.

• Transversospinalis Capitis
  • Origin: transverse process T6-C7; articular process of C6-C4.
  • Insertion: nuchal line of occipital bone.
• Transversospinalis Cervicis
  • Origin: transverse process T6-C4.
  • Insertion: spinous process C5-C2.
• Transversospinalis Thoracis
  • Origin: transverse process T12-T7.
  • Insertion: spinous process T4-C6.

Function.

• Concentric action: extension of trunk, neck, and head; lateral flexion of trunk, neck, and head; contralateral rotation of trunk and neck at spinal joints.
• Reverse mover action: anterior tilt of pelvis; lower spine extension. Lesser: ipsilateral elevation of pelvis; lateral flexion of lower spine; ipsilateral rotation of the pelvis and lower spine.
• Eccentric action: decelerates lateral flexion of spine, flexion and contralateral rotation of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the spine.
• Innervation: dorsal rami C1-T6 spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries; deep cervical artery.

Clinical Significance.

Transversospinalis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Spinalis, of erector spinae group.

Structure.

• Spinalis Capitis
  • Origin: ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7; considered to be the medial portion of semispinalis capitis.
  • Insertion: spinous process of axis.
• Spinalis Cervicis
  • Origin: inferior nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7.
  • Insertion: spinous process of C2.
• Spinalis Thoracis
  • Origin: spinous processes of T11-L2.
  • Insertion: spinous processes of T4-T8.

Function.

• Concentric action: trunk and neck extension at spinal joints; lateral flexion of the trunk and neck at spinal joints.
• Reverse mover action: lower spine extension; lateral flexion of lower spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion and contralateral flexion of trunk and neck.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the spine.
• Innervation: inferior cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Spinalis capitis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

Spinalis cervicis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

Semispinalis cervicis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Longissimus, of erector spinae group.

Structure.

• Longissimus Capitis
  • Origin: transverse processes of T1-T5; articular processes of C4-C7.
  • Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone.
• Longissimus Cervicus
  • Origin: transverse processes of T1-T5.
  • Insertion: transverse processes of C2-C6.
• Longissimus Thoracis
  • Origin: medial iliac crest, posterior sacrum, transverse processes and spinous processes of L1-L5.
  • Insertion: transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and lower nine ribs.

Function.

• Concentric action: trunk, neck, and head extension at spinal joints; lateral flexion of trunk, neck, and head at spinal joints. Lesser: ipsilateral rotation of trunk, head, and neck.
• Reverse mover action: anterior tilt of pelvis at the LS joint; lower spine extension. Lesser: ipsilateral elevation of pelvis and lateral flexion of lower spine; contralateral rotation of the pelvis and lower spine.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation of trunk, neck, and head; controls/restrains/slows posterior tilt, ipsilateral rotation, and ipsilateral depression of pelvis.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the spine, ribs, and SI joint.
• Innervation: middle and inferior cervical and spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries.

Clinical Significance.

Longissimus capitis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

Longissimus cervicis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

Longissimus thoracis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Iliocostalis,  of erector spinae group.

Structure.

• Iliocostalis Cervicis
  • Origin: angles of ribs 3-6.
  • Insertion: transverse processes of C4-C6.
• Iliocostalis Thoracis
  • Origin: angles of ribs 7-12.
  • Insertion: angles of ribs 1-6 and transverse process of C7.
• Iliocostalis Lumborum
  • Origin: medial iliac crest and medial and lateral sacral crests.
  • Insertion: angles of ribs 7-12.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal extension, rotation and lateral flexion; maintain erect position.
• Reverse mover action: anterior tilt of pelvis at lumbosacral joint; extension of lower spine relative to upper spine; ipsilateral elevation of pelvis at LS and lateral flexion of lower spine; contralateral rotation of the pelvis at LS and lower spine contralateral rotation.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion of trunk and neck; also the posterior tilt and ipsilateral depression of pelvis.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the spine, ribs, and sacroiliac joint.
• Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.
• Arterial supply: dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries; thoracodorsal artery.

Clinical Significance.

Iliocostalis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.