Studying anatomy & physiology grouped by regions of the body.
WORK IN PROGRESS…LAST UPDATE 01.20.2020
Bony Landmarks of the Tibia
| Tibial tuberosity | Superior articular surfaces: medial & lateral |
| Tibial head | Tibial plateau |
| Medial tibial condyle | Gerdy's tubercle |
| Lateral tibial condyle | Oblique line |
| Intercondylar eminence | Anterior crest |
| Medial intercondylar tubercle | Popliteal line |
| Lateral intercondylar tubercle | Fibular notch |
| Anterior intercondylar area | Medial malleolus |
| Posterior intercondylar area | Proximal tibiofibular joint |
| Interosseus membrane | Distal tibiofibular joint |
Bony Landmarks of the Fibula
| Head of fibula | Malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus |
| Lateral malleolus | Posterior border |
| Posterior surface | Anterior border |
| Medial crest | Interosseus border |
| Lateral surface | Interosseus membrane |
Bones of the Foot
| Talus | Cuneiform: lateral, intermediate, medial |
| Calcaneus | Metatarsals |
| Navicular | Phalanges: proximal, middle, distal |
| Cuboid |
Bone Details
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiform: Medial, intermediate, lateral
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges: Proximal, middle, distal
Anterior Compartment of the Leg
| Tibialis anterior | lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane. | medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal. | dorsiflexion; foot inversion. |
| Extensor digitorum longus | lateral condyle of tibia, proximal medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane. | middle and distal phalanges of four digits (dorsal expansions). | extend toes; dorsiflexion; foot eversion. |
| Extensor hallucis longus | middle/medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane. | base of distal phalanx of hallux. | extend hallux; dorsiflexion; foot inversion. |
| Fibularis tertius | distal/medial surface of fibula. | base of 5th metatarsal. | dorsiflexion; helps in eversion. |
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallucis brevis
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Fibularis tertius (not present in some people)
- Innervated by deep fibular nerve L4, L5, S1 (ventral rami).
- Vascular supply: anterior tibial artery, anterior tibial vein.
Lateral Compartment of the Leg
| Fibularis/Peroneus longus | 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform. | medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal. | foot eversion; plantar flexion (weak, to lesser degree); arch support. |
| Fibularis/Peroneus brevis | inferior/lateral fibula. | tuberosity of 5th metatarsal. | foot eversion; plantar flexion (weak, to lesser degree); arch support. |
- Fibularis/peroneus longus
- Fibularis/peroneus brevis
- Innervated by superficial fibular nerve.
- Vascular supply: fibular artery.
Posterior Compartment of the Leg
| Gastrocnemius | lateral and medial posterior surface of femoral condyles. | posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon. | plantarflexion; knee flexion; raises heel during walking. |
| Soleus | head of fibula, superior/posterior fibula, proximal posterior tibia (soleal line). | posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon. | plantarflexion. |
| Plantaris | lateral/inferior supracondylar line of femur. | posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon. | plantarflexion (assist/stabilizer); knee flexion (assist/stabilizer). |
| Flexor hallucis longus | inferior/posterior fibula, interosseous membrane. | distal phalanx of hallux (plantar surface). | flex hallux, plantarflexion, supports arches. |
| Flexor hallucis brevis | cuboid and 1/3 lateral cuneiform. | medial and lateral sides of proximal phalanx of great toe via a tendon containing a sesamoid bone. | flexion of great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint. |
| Flexor digitorum longus | medial/posterior tibia, fibula. | distal phalanges of toes (plantar surfaces). | flex toes, plantarflexion, support arches. |
| Flexor digitorum brevis | calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis. | sides of middle phalanx of toes II-IV. | flexes toes II-IV at proximal interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. |
| Tibialis posterior | interosseous membrane, posterior fibula & tibia. | navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, calcaneous, base of 2-4th metatarsals. | plantarflexion, foot inversion, support medial arch. |
| Popliteus | lateral surface and condyle of the femur. | posterior surface of tibia. | unlocks knee by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia; stabilize knee. |
Deep Posterior Compartment
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Tibialis posterior
- Popliteus
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Innervated by tibial nerve, L4-5, S1, S2.
- Vascular supply: posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial vein.
Superficial Posterior Compartment.
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
- Innervated by tibial nerve, S1, S2.
- Vascular supply: posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial vein.
Joints
- Proximal tibiofibular joint.
- Distal tibiofibular joint.
- Talocrural.
- Talocalcaneal (subtalar).
Ligaments/Tendons
- Extracapsular ligaments
- Medial “deltoid” ligaments
- Lateral collateral ligaments of the foot (anterior-posterior, talofibular, and calcaneofibular)
- Anterior and posterior talofibular
- Calcaneofibular
- Retinaculum-Inferior fibular
- Retinaculum-Superior fibular
- Retinaculum-Inferior extensor
- Retinaculum-Superior extensor
Vascular Supply
- Popliteal artery
- Genicular anastomosis
- Superior lateral genicular artery
- Superior medial genicular artery
- Sural arteries
- Circumflex fibular artery
- Posterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial vein
- Anterior tibial artery
- Fibular artery
- Perforating branch of fibular artery
- Dorsalis pedis artery
- Plantar metatarsal artery
- Deep plantar artery
- Medial plantar artery
- Lateral plantar artery
- Arcuate artery
- Dorsal digital arteries
Innervation
- Deep fibular nerve L4, L5, S1 (ventral rami).
- Superficial fibular nerve.
- Tibial nerve, L4-S3.
- Sciatic, L4-S3.
- Common fibular, L4-S2.
Sciatic nerve, L4-S3.
Tibial nerve, L4-S3. Motor to posterior compartment of leg and plantar foot.
Common fibular, L4-S2.
Deep fibular, L4-S1. Motor to anterior compartment & dorsal foot muscles; sensory between hallux and 2nd toe.
Superficial fibular, L5-S2. Lateral compartment and skin of lateral leg and dorsum of foot.
Clinical/Pathology
Other Features
- Tendons at the medial ankle: “Tom, Dick, and A Very Nervous Hiding Harry.”
- Pes Anserinus
Detailed Studies
Notes
References
Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.
Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html
Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.
Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.
