Studying anatomy & physiology grouped by regions of the body.
WORK IN PROGRESS…LAST UPDATE 01.22.2020
Bony Landmarks of the Pelvis/Coxa
| Ilium | Sacroiliac joint |
| Iliac crest | Sacrum: pelvic surface |
| Iliac fossa | Sacrum: lateral part |
| Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) | Sacral canal |
| Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) | Posterior sacral foramins |
| Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) | Superior articular process |
| Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) | Promontory |
| Anterior sacral foramina | Sacral hiatus |
| Ischium | Median sacral crest |
| Ischial spine | Greater sciatic notch |
| Ischial tuberosity | Lesser sciatic notch |
| Pubis | Obturator foramen |
| Pectin pubis | Acetabulum |
| Public tubercle | Acetabular margin |
| Superior pubic ramus | Coxa |
| Inferior pubic ramus | Coccyx |
| Pubic symphasis |
Bony Landmarks of the Femur
| Femoral head | Intercondyloid fossa |
| Femoral neck | Linea aspera |
| Greater trochanter | Gluteal line |
| Lesser trochanter | Fovea |
| Trochanteric fossa | Adductor tubercle |
| Epiphyseal line | Quadratus tubercle |
| Intertrochanteric line | Intertrochanteric crest |
| Femoral shaft | Pectineal line |
| Lateral epicondyle | Spiral line |
| Medial epicondyle | Medial supracondylar line |
| Lateral condyle | Lateral supracondylar line |
| Medial condyle | Intercondylar line |
| Patellar trochlea | Popliteal surface |
Bone Details
Posterior Thigh Muscles
| Biceps femoris short head | linea aspera. | fibular head. | knee flexion; lateral rotation of leg when knee is bent. |
| Biceps femoris long head | ischial tuberosity. | fibular head. | hip extension (because it also crosses the hip joint); knee flexion; lateral rotation of leg when knee is flexed. |
| Semitendinosus | ischial tuberosity. | anterior, medial, proximal tibia via pes anserinus. | hip extension; knee flexion. |
| Semimembranosus | ischial tuberosity. | posterior medial condyle of tibia. | hip extension; knee flexion. |
Innervated by: biceps femoris (short & long heads) semitendinosus, semimembranosus by tibial division L5-S3; biceps femoris short head by fibular division L5-S2.
Joints
- Tibiofemoral
- Patellofemoral
Ligaments/Tendons
- Sacrotuberous
- Posterior cruciate
Vascular Supply
- Internal iliac artery
- External iliac artery
- Superior gluteal artery
- Superior gluteal vein
- Inferior gluteal artery
- Inferior gluteal vein
- Piriformis artery
- Obturator artery
- Femoral artery
- Lateral femoral circumflex artery
- Medial femoral circumflex artery
- Deep artery of thigh/profunda femoris artery
- First, second, and third perforating arteries
Innervation
- Lumbar plexus.
- *Sacral plexus = anterior rami, L4-S4.
- Anterior rami of spinal nerves, L1-L4.
- Femoral nerve, L2-4.
- Obturator nerve, L2-4.
- Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, L2-3.
- Sciatic nerve, L4-S3.
- Tibial division (of common peroneal), L4-S3.
- Fibular division (of common peroneal), L4-S2.
- Superior gluteal nerve, L5-S1.
- Inferior gluteal nerve, L5-S1/2.
- Piriformis, L5-S1/2.
- Obturator internus, superior gamelli, L5-S1.
- Quadratus femoris, inferior gamelli, L5-S1.
- Cluneal nerves—superior, middle, inferior. Cutaneous/superficial nerves of the buttocks.
Femoral Nerve.
- Supplies: hip flexors; pectineus; knee extensors.
- Cutaneous: anterior thigh nerves; saphenous branch of medial leg and foot.
Obturator Nerve.
- Supplies: hip/thigh adductors; obturator externus.
- Cutaneous: small patch of skin over medial thigh (medial and superior to knee crease).
- Comes out of the pelvis via obturator canal of the obturator foramen.
Cluneal Nerves—Superior, Middle, Inferior.
- Cutaneous/superficial nerves of the buttocks.
Quick Check Nerves.
- Adduction of toes (relative to toe 2). S2, S3.
- Hip flexion. L1, L2.
- Knee extension. L3, L4.
- Knee flexion. L5-S2.
Clinical/Pathology
- Nerve Compression Syndrome.
- Compression Neuropathy.
- Entrapment Neuropathy.
Other Features
- Greater sciatic notch
- Lesser sciatic notch
- Greater sciatic foramen
- Lesser sciatic foramen
- Deep Six
- Meniscus: Medial and lateral
- Tibial plateau
Pes Anserinus (“goose foot”).
- SGT = sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus.
- SGT on AMP (anterior medial proximal surface of the tibia.
- SGT has goose foot.
Popliteal Fossa
- This is a diamond-shaped area in the back of the knee, the popliteal region.
- The borders are: semimembranosus; biceps femoris; medial gastrocnemius head; lateral gastrocnemius head (and plantaris).
- Contents: tibial nerve; popliteal vein and artery (continuations of femoral vein and artery); small saphenous; common fibular nerve; popliteal lymph nodes; there is also a superficial vein and nerve in that area.
Detailed Studies
Notes
References
Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.
Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html
Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.
Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.
