REGION: SHOULDER & SCAPULA

Studying anatomy & physiology grouped by regions of the body.

WORK IN PROGRESS…LAST UPDATE 01.22.2020

Bony Landmarks of the Scapula

Scapular spine	Medial border
Acromion	Lateral border
Glenoid cavity	Superior border
Coracoid process	Scapular notch
Superior angle	Supraspinous fossa
Inferior angle	Infraspinous fossa
	Subscapular fossa

Bony Landmarks of the Clavicle

Sternal end	Conoid tubercle
Sternal facet	Deltoid tubercle
Impression for costoclavicular ligament	Shaft
Acromial end	Subclavian groove
Acromial facet	Trapezoid line

Bony Landmarks of the Humerus

Head of humerus	Lateral supracondylar ridge
Greater tubercle	Lateral epicondyle
Lesser tubercle	Medial epicondyle
Anatomical neck	Radial fossa
Surgical neck	Capitulum
Intertubercular groove or sulcus	Trochlea
Deltoid tuberosity	Coronoid fossa
Shaft	Olecranon fossa

Movement of Humerus

Pectoralis major	medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, cartilage/ribs 1-6.	lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus / crest of greater tubercle.	adduct, medially rotate humerus; upper fibers flex humerus; lower fibers extend humerus.	lateral & medial pectoral nerves.
Pectoralis minor	ribs 3-5.	corocoid process.	depress, abduct, downward rotate scapula, elevate ribs.	medial pectoral nerve.
Latissimus dorsi	spinous processes T6-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 8-12.	floor of intertubercular sulcus.	extend, adduct, medially rotate humerus.	thoracodorsal nerve.
Teres minor	inferior angle and inferior lateral border of scapula.	medial lip of intertubercular sulcus.	extend, adduct, medially rotate humerus.	lower subscapular nerve.
Deltoid	lateral 1/2 of clavicle, acromion, scapular spine.	deltoid tuberosity.	abduct humerus; anterior fibers flex, medially rotate & horizontally adduct humerus; posterior fibers extend, laterally rotate, & horizontally abduct humerus.	axillary nerve.

• Pectoralis major
• Pectoralis minor
• Latissimus dorsi
• Teres major
• Deltoid

Movement of Scapula

Trapezium	medial 1/3 of nuchal line, occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12.	lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, scapular spine.	upward rotation, elevation, retraction, stabilization, depression, upward rotation.	CN XI
Rhomboids	spinous processes C7-T1, T2-5.	medial border of scapula.	retract scapula, downward rotation, elevate scapula.	dorsal scapular nerve.
Levator scapula	transverse processes C1-4.	medial border of scapula at superior angle.	elevate, downward rotate scapula.	dorsal scapular nerve.
Serratus anterior	lateral parts of ribs 1-8.	anterior surface of medial border of scapula.	protract scapula, upward rotate, and stabilize scapula to move congruently with ribs surface.	long thoracic nerve.

• Trapezius Upper, Middle, Lower
• Rhomboids Major & Minor
• Levator scapulae
• Serratus anterior

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Supraspinatus	superspinous fossa of scapula.	superior facet of greater tubercle.	initiates abduction, stabilize shoulder superiorly.	suprascapular nerve.
Infraspinatus	infraspinous fossa of scapula.	middle facet of greater tubercle.	lateral rotation, adduct, stabilizes scapula posteriorly.	suprascapular nerve.
Teres minor	lateral border of scapula.	inferior facet of greater tubercle.	lateral rotation, adduction, stsabilize scapula posteriorly.	axillary nerve.
Subscapularis	subscapular fossa.	lesser tubercle.	medial rotation, stabilize anteriorly.	subscapular nerve.

• Teres minor
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Subscapularis

Joints

• Sternoclavicular
• Acromioclavicular
• Glenohumeral (Shoulder)

Ligaments/Tendons

• Coracoacromial
• Coracoclavicular
• Coracohumeral
• Superior glenohumeral
• Middle glenohumeral
• Transverse humeral
• Inferior glenohumeral

Vascular Supply

Posterior circumflex humeral artery Circumflex scapular artery Subscapular artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Thoracodorsal artery Lateral thoracic artery Brachial artery Profunda brachii artery Thoracoacromial artery Superior thoracic artery Axillary artery Internal thoracic artery Brachiochephalic trunk

Subclavian artery Common carotid artery Vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk Suprascapular artery Axillary vein Coracobrachialis vein Basilic vein Brachial vein Cephalic vein Median cubital vein Dorsal scapular artery/deep branch of transverse cervical artery

Innervation

• Radial nerve
• Ulnar nerve
• Median nerve
• Pectoral nerve
• Medial pectoral nerve
• Thoracodorsal nerve
• Lower subscapular nerve
• Axillary nerve
• CN XI
• Dorsal scapular nerve
• Long thoracic nerve
• Suprascapular nerve
• Subscapular nerve
• Musculocutaneous, C5-C7
• Brachial plexus

Clinical/Pathology

• Separated Shoulder
• Frozen Shoulder
• Anteroinferior Disloacation
• Impingement syndrome
• Thoracic outlet syndrome

Other Features

• Subclavius
• Subacromial bursa
• Quadrangular space (posterior)
• Triangular space
• Triangular interval

Detailed Studies

Notes

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.