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AMBOSS: Medical Knowledge Distilled. (2018, July 25). Viruses – Part 1: Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/miOPtXTeHYE
AMBOSS: Medical Knowledge Distilled. (2018, August 1). Viruses – Part 2: DNA vs. RNA viruses [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/IvMnnvv5NBA
AMBOSS: Medical Knowledge Distilled. (2018, August 7). Viruses – Part 3: Viral replication process [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/-DGkZ2AM7RU
Benvenuto, D., Giovanetti, M., Ciccozzi, A., Spoto, S., Angeletti, S., & Ciccozzi, M. (2020). The 2019-new Coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution. bioRxiv.
Burrell, C. J., Howard, C. R., & Murphy, F. A. (2016). Fenner and White’s Medical Virology, 5.
Cao, Z., Zhang, Q., Lu, X., Pfeiffer, D., Jia, Z., Song, H., & Zeng, D. (2020). Estimating the effective reproduction number of the 2019-nCoV in China. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.20018952
CDD Vault. (2020, January 30). Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): The Facts. https://www.collaborativedrug.com/coronavirus-2019-ncov-facts/
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), & National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases. (2020, January 31). Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html
CEA Sciences. (2019, December 16). The cryo-electron microscopy: a structural biology revolution [Video]. https://youtu.be/0hUKl23giLM
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics (CIDD). (2014a, March 19). Week 1 Video 5: Reproductive Number [Video]. https://youtu.be/ju26rvzfFg4
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics (CIDD). (2014b, March 19). Week 1 Video 6: Epidemic Curve [Video]. https://youtu.be/sSLfrSSmJZM
Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., … & Tsoi, H. W. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet.
Chemspider. (n.d.). N-Acetylneuraminic acid | C11H19NO9. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10292217.html
Chen, Y., Liu, Q., & Guo, D. Coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Journal of Medical Virology.
Chirombo, J., Diggle, P. J., Terlouw, D. J., & Read, J. M. (2018). Estimation of spatially varying effective reproduction numbers for infectious disease epidemics. Modelling spatial processes of infectious diseases, 39.
Chirumbolo, S. (2010). The role of quercetin, flavonols and flavones in modulating inflammatory cell function. Inflammation & Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy), 9(4), 263-285.
Cintrón-Arias, A. (2015, November 4). East Tennessee State University MATH 5880 Basic reproductive number [Video]. https://youtu.be/ItW-Q6Npapo
Cohen, J. (2020, January 31). Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak’s origins. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins
Corman, V. M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D. K., … & Mulders, D. G. (2020). Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance, 25(3), 2000045.
de Wit, E., van Doremalen, N., Falzarano, D., & Munster, V. J. (2016). SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(8), 523.
Delamater, P. L., Street, E. J., Leslie, T. F., Yang, Y. T., & Jacobsen, K. H. (2019). Complexity of the basic reproduction number (R0). Emerging infectious diseases, 25(1), 1.
Dong, N., Yang, X., Ye, L., Chen, K., Chan, E. W. C., Yang, M., & Chen, S. (2020). Genomic and protein structure modelling analysis depicts the origin and infectivity of 2019-nCoV, a new coronavirus which caused a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China. bioRxiv.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2020, January 31). Disease background of 2019-nCoV. Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/2019-ncov-background-disease
Fung, T. S., & Liu, D. X. (2018). Post-translational modifications of coronavirus proteins: roles and function. Future Virology, 13(6), 405-430.
Graham, R. L., Donaldson, E. F., & Baric, R. S. (2013). A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11(12), 836-848.
Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135.
Greens, K. (2020, February 4). Report of asymptomatic transmission of 2019-nCoV inaccurate. Retrieved from https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/report-of-asymptomatic-transmission-of-2019-ncov-inaccurate-67060
Harrison, S., & Harvard Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). (2012a, March 24). Part 2: Viral membrane fusion [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/qcepGvFUM38
Harrison, S., & Harvard Howard Hughes Institute (HHMI). (2012b, March 14). Part 3: Non-enveloped virus entry [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/-1tSBwE1Wuk
Harrison, S., & Harvard Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). (2013c, November 1). Class 1 viral fusion proteins [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/FcX9mD8rvYw
Helen Roxburgh, AFP. (2020, January 21). Here’s What Scientists Know So Far About The ‘Novel Coronavirus’ From China. https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-what-scientists-know-so-far-about-the-novel-coronavirus-from-china
HKU, N. Interim 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patient under investigation (PUI) form.
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … & Cheng, Z. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet.
Hui, D. S., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., … & Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 91, 264.
Jiangang, F., Ling, D., Zhang, L., & Hongmei, L. (2013). Houttuynia cordata Thunb: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology and quality control. Chinese Medicine, 2013.
Khan Academy Medicine. (2014, October 12). R nought and vaccine coverage [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMA116kzyK4
Khan Academy Medicine. (2014, October 12). Understanding R nought [Video]. https://youtu.be/jKUGZvW99os
Kupferschmidt, K. (2020, February 3). Study claiming new coronavirus can be transmitted by people without symptoms was flawed. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/paper-non-symptomatic-patient-transmitting-coronavirus-wrong
Langereis, M. A., Zeng, Q., Heesters, B., Huizinga, E. G., & De Groot, R. J. (2012). The murine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase receptor-binding site: a major shift in ligand specificity through modest changes in architecture. PLoS pathogens, 8(1).
Letko, M. C., & Munster, V. (2020). Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for lineage B β-coronaviruses, including 2019-nCoV. bioRxiv.
Li, W., Zhou, P., Zhang, Y., & He, L. (2011). Houttuynia cordata, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 922-927.
Li, Z., Tomlinson, A. C., Wong, A. H., Zhou, D., Desforges, M., Talbot, P. J., … & Rini, J. M. (2019). The human coronavirus HCoV-229E S-protein structure and receptor binding. eLife, 8.
Li F. (2016). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Annual review of virology, 3(1), 237–261. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301
Li, F. (2015). Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. Journal of virology, 89(4), 1954-1964.
Lin, L. T., Hsu, W. C., & Lin, C. C. (2014). Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 4(1), 24-35.
Lu, Y., Jiang, Y., Ling, L., Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Chen, D. (2018). Beneficial effects of Houttuynia cordata polysaccharides on “two-hit” acute lung injury and endotoxic fever in rats associated with anti-complementary activities. Acta pharmaceutica sinica B, 8(2), 218-227.
Luo, G., & Gao, S. J. Global Health Concern Stirred by Emerging Viral Infections. Journal of Medical Virology.
Mahase, E. (2020). China coronavirus: what do we know so far?.
Ming, L. J., & Yin, A. C. Y. (2013). Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid. Natural product communications, 8(3), 1934578X1300800335.
Mora-Díaz, J. C., Piñeyro, P. E., Houston, E., Zimmerman, J., & Giménez-Lirola, L. G. (2019). Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus: A Review. Frontiers in veterinary science, 6.
Morgridge Institute for Research. (2019, December 16). Coronavirus Fact Sheet. https://morgridge.org/outreach/teaching-resources/virology-immunology/coronavirus-fact-sheet/
Nakagawa, K., Lokugamage, K. G., & Makino, S. (2016). Viral and cellular mRNA translation in coronavirus-infected cells. In Advances in virus research (Vol. 96, pp. 165-192). Academic Press.
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (n.d.). Open Reading Frame. Retrieved from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Open-Reading-Frame
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). (2020, January 30). Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
Nishiura, H., Jung, S. M., Linton, N. M., Kinoshita, R., Yang, Y., Hayashi, K., … & Akhmetzhanov, A. R. (2020). The Extent of Transmission of Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, 2020.
Paraskevis, D., Kostaki, E. G., Magiorkinis, G., Panayiotakopoulos, G., Sourvinos, G., & Tsiodras, S. (2020). Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 104212.
Parry, J. (2020). China coronavirus: cases surge as official admits human to human transmission.
Perlman, S., & Netland, J. (2009). Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. Nature reviews microbiology, 7(6), 439-450.
Picard-Jean, F., Tremblay-Létourneau, M., Serra, E., Dimech, C., Schulz, H., Anselin, M., … & Bisaillon, M. (2013). RNA 5′-end maturation: a crucial step in the replication of viral genomes. Current Issues in Molecular Virology: Viral Genetics and Biotechnological Applications, 27.
Purdue News Service. (2020, January 22). Coronavirus therapies slowed by intermittent nature of outbreaks. https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2020/Q1/coronavirus-therapies-slowed-by-intermittent-nature-of-outbreaks.html
Racaniello, V. (2014, February 14). Plus strand RNA synthesis [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/mvz3ggZI5-o
Read, J. M., Bridgen, J. R., Cummings, D. A., Ho, A., & Jewell, C. P. (2020). Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions. medRxiv.
Riou, J., & Althaus, C. L. (2020). Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019-nCoV. bioRxiv.
Robertson, D. L. (2020, January 26). nCoV’s relationship to bat coronaviruses & recombination signals (no snakes) – no evidence the 2019-nCoV lineage is recombinant. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://virological.org/t/ncovs-relationship-to-bat-coronaviruses-recombination-signals-no-snakes-no-evidence-the-2019-ncov-lineage-is-recombinant/331
Roy, K., Kanwar, R. K., & Kanwar, J. R. (2012). Targeting viral hepatitis using natural milk protein and traditional medicinal herbs. J Clin Cell Immunol, 3(130), 2.
Schoeman, D., & Fielding, B. C. (2019). Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology journal, 16(1), 69.
Shang, J., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, C., Geng, Q., Luo, C., … & Li, F. (2018). Cryo-EM structure of infectious bronchitis coronavirus spike protein reveals structural and functional evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. PLoS pathogens, 14(4), e1007009.
Shi, Z. L., Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., … & Huang, C. L. (2020). Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. bioRxiv.
Sino Biological. (n.d.). Coronavirus. Retrieved January 31, 2020, from https://www.sinobiological.com/coronavirus-a-6108.html
Sino Biological. (n.d.). Spike Protein / S Protein. Retrieved January 31, 2020, from https://www.sinobiological.com/spike-protein-s-protein-a-6115.html
Thermo Scientific EM & Spectroscopy. (2017, November 16). Coronavirus spike proteins [Video]. https://youtu.be/453zjjUllRg
Thomas, S. T. L., & Wai, C. Y. (2010). The lessons of SARS in Hong Kong. Clinical medicine, 10(1), 50.
Tok, T. T., & Tatar, G. (2017). Structures and Functions of Coronavirus Proteins: Molecular Modeling of Viral Nucleoprotein.
Tortorici, M. A., Walls, A. C., Lang, Y., Wang, C., Li, Z., Koerhuis, D., … & Veesler, D. (2019). Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors. Nature structural & molecular biology, 26(6), 481-489.
University of Washington Health Sciences/UW Medicine. (2016, February 26). Electron microscopy captures snapshot of structure coronaviruses use to enter cells: Atomic model suggests vaccine strategies against deadly pandemic viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 31, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/02/160226173209.htm
Veesler, D. (2017, October 4). Coronavirus spike postfusion structure – The Veesler Lab. https://faculty.washington.edu/dveesler/coronavirus-spike-postfusion-structure/
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Webb, S. R., Smith, S. E., Fried, M. G., & Dutch, R. E. (2018). Transmembrane Domains of Highly Pathogenic Viral Fusion Proteins Exhibit Trimeric Association In Vitro. mSphere, 3(2), e00047-18.
White, J. M., & Whittaker, G. R. (2016). Fusion of enveloped viruses in endosomes. Traffic, 17(6), 593-614.
Woodward, A. (2020, January 31). The outbreaks of both the Wuhan coronavirus and SARS likely started in Chinese wet markets. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-chinese-wet-market-photos-2020-1
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Wu, P., Hao, X., Lau, E. H., Wong, J. Y., Leung, K. S., Wu, J. T., … & Leung, G. M. (2020). Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(3), 2000044.
Zanin, M., Baviskar, P., Webster, R., & Webby, R. (2016). The interaction between respiratory pathogens and mucus. Cell host & microbe, 19(2), 159-168.
Zhang, C., & Wang, M. (2020). Origin time and epidemic dynamics of the 2019 novel coronavirus. bioRxiv.
Zhang, N., Wang, L., Deng, X., Liang, R., Su, M., He, C., … & Du, L. Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans. Journal of Medical Virology.
Zhao, S., Ran, J., MUSA, S. S., Yang, G., Lou, Y., Gao, D., … & He, D. (2020). Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. bioRxiv.
Zhu, H., Guo, Q., Li, M., Wang, C., Fang, Z., Wang, P., … & Xiao, Y. (2020). Host and infectivity prediction of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus using deep learning algorithm. bioRxiv.