Month: September 2018

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Fibula.

 

Structure.

• Parallel and lateral to the tibia. Is shorter and smaller than the tibia.
• Does not articulate with femur.
• Head (proximal) articulates with the tibial lateral condyle.
• Lateral malleolus: distal end; articulates with talus. Easily observable and palpateable.

 

 

Function.

 

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

 

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Femur.

 

Structure.

• The largest, longest, strongest, and most massive bone of the body.
• Head: articulates with the acetabulum of the LPHC (lumbo-pelvic hip complex).
• Fovea capitis: a dimple-like depression on the femoral head.
•  
• Greater trochanter: prominence that is observeable and easily palpateable.
• Lesser trochanter.
• Interotrochanteric line: anterior line between the two trochanters.
• Interotrochanteric crest: posterior line between the two trochanters.
• Gluteal tuberosity.
• Linea aspera.
• Media condyle.
• Lateral condyle.
• Medial epicondyle: superior to the condyles.
• Lateral epicondyle: also superior to the condyles.
• Intercondylar fossa: posterior surface; depression between the condyles.
• Patellar surface: anteriorly; a smooth area to allow for patella movement.

 

 

 

Function.

 

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

• Greater trochanter: Landmark for intramuscular injections.

 

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Clavicle.

 

Structure.

• The clavicle is long, flattish, and has a slight S-shape curve to it (but it isn’t as pronounced as one may think).
• Easily observed with the naked eye and also easily palpateable.
• Sternal end: the medial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium. The sternal end may be identifed as it is “blunt” and fairly straight-edged as compared to the acromial end.
• Acromial end: the lateral and more rounded end (almost spoon-like shape) that articulates with the scapula.
• Superior view: (bird’s eye view looking down) from the medial/sternal end, the clavicle is slightly concave anteriorly. Proceeding laterally towards the acromial end, the curve changes to slightly convex anteriorly. The superior surface both appears and feels a bit smoother than the inferior side.
• Inferior view: the bone is rougher.

Function.

Clinical Significance.

• The midregion of the clavical where one part of the “S” curve transitions to the other is the weakest point of the clavical. Fractures often occur in this region.
• Falling poorly (i.e. with arms outstretched) and a superior-anterior blow may fracture the clavicle.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.