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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—External Intercostals.

Structure.

• Origin: inferior border of rib above.
• Insertion: superior border of rib below.

Function.

• Concentric action: elevate ribs and increase anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity (inhalation); contralateral rotation of trunk. Lesser: trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion.
• Reverse mover action: depress ribs 1-11; trunk rotation, lateral flexion, flexion, ipsilateral rotation.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows depression of ribs 2-12; trunk ipsilateral rotation, flexion, extension, and contralateral lateral flexion.
• Isometric action: stabilization of ribs and trunk.
• Innervation: thoracic nerve T2-T12.
• Arterial supply: anterior intercostal arteries, posterior intercostal arteries, costocervical trunk and superior thoracic arteries.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8_mPEkb2gA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwDxbNqEVaA

External intercostals. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Psoas Minor.

Structure.

• Origin: bodies of T12 and L1 and intervening intervertebral disc.
• Insertion: fascia covering psoas major and iliacus.

Function.

• Concentric action: accelerates hip flexion and external/lateral rotation; extends and rotates lumbar spine.
• Reverse mover action: pelvis posterior tilt, lower trunk flexion, ipsilateral pelvic elevation.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/decelerates hip extension and internal rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: spinal nerve branches of L2-L3.
• Arterial supply: lumbar arteries, arteria lumbalis ima of median sacral artery, lumbar part of iliolumbar artery, common iliac artery.

Clinical Significance.

Psoas minor. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Transverse Abdominis.

Structure.

• Origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and cartilages of ribs 5-10.
• Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis.

Function.

• Concentric action: increase intra-abdominal pressure; support abdominal viscera.
• Reverse mover action: increase intra-abdominal pressure; support abdominal viscera.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows abdominalpelvic cavity expansion.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex (synergistically with internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae).
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12 iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve.
• Arterial supply: subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries, deep circumflex iliac artery, inferior epigastric artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFiyGkXaKZ4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6hqhnSM-MU

Transverse abdominis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Internal Oblique.

Structure.

• Origin: anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and thoracolumbar fascia.
• Insertion: cartilage of ribs 9-12; linea alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal bilateral flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation; compress abdomen.
• Reverse mover action: pelvic posterior tilt, lower trunk flexion; ipsilateral pelvic elevation; lateral trunk flexion; contralateral rotation of pelvis, contralateral rotation of lower trunk; compress abdominopelvic cavity.
• Eccentric action: control/restrains/slows spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12; iliohypogastric nerve; ilioinguinal nerve.
• Arterial supply: subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries, deep circumflex iliac artery, inferior epigastric artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://youtu.be/IoDT3b4BeY4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5q6oSVdCQ

Internal oblique. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—External Oblique.

Structure.

• Origin: external surface of ribs 5-12.
• Insertion: anterior iliac crest of pelvis, linea alba, and contralateral rectus.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal flexion (especially lumbar region), lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation; compress abdomen.
• Reverse mover action: pelvic posterior tilt, lower trunk flexion, ipsilateral elevation of pelvis, lower trunk lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation of pelvis.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12; iliohypogastric L1.
• Arterial supply: subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries, deep circumflex iliac artery, inferior epigastric artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5q6oSVdCQ

External oblique. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Abdominis.

Structure.

• Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis.
• Insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7; xiphoid process.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal flexion (especially lumbar portion), lateral flexion, and rotation; compress abdomen (defecation, urination, forced exhalation, childbirth).
• Reverse mover action: pelvic posterior tilt; lower trunk flexion; ipsilateral pelvic elevation; abdominopelvic conpression.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
• Isometric action: stabilization of lumbo-pelvic hip complex.
• Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12. Intercostal nerves.
• Arterial supply: superior epigastric artery inferior epigastric artery, terminal branches of subcostal and posterior intercostal arteries.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://www.physio-pedia.com/Abdominal_Muscle_Anatomy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbwDle81JzM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HshbNbhC2MI

Rectus abdominis. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Quadratus Lumborum.

Structure.

• Origin: iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament.
• Insertion: 12th rib, transverse processes L2-L5.

Function.

• Concentric action: spinal lateral flexion; pulls rib 12 inferiorly during forced exhalation; fix ribs to prevent elevation during deep inhalation; help lumbar extension. Anterior pelvic tilt and lower spine extension relative to upper spine.
• Reverse mover action: trunk lateral flexion; rib 12 depression; trunk extension.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/decelerates contralateral and lateral spinal flexion; rib 12 elevation; ipsilateral depression and posterior tilt of pelvis.
• Isometric action: stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex.
• Innervation: spinal nerves T12-L3.
• Arterial supply: branches of subcostal and lumbar arteries; iliolumbar artery.

Clinical Significance.

More.

• https://youtu.be/VsW896n71HU
• https://youtu.be/ovQYBAiv8cI

Quadratus lumborum. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Obliquus Capitis Superior.

Structure.

• Origin: transverse process of C1.
• Insertion: occipital between the superior and inferior nuchal lines.

Function.

• Concentric action: head protraction. Lesser: lateral flexion, extension, and contralateral rotation of head.
• Reverse mover action: C1 retraction, lateral flexiont, extension, and ipsilateral rotation of C1.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows retraction, contralateral lateral flexion, flexion, ipsilateral rotation of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and C1.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Obliquus capitus superior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Obliquus Capitis Inferior.

Structure.

• Origin: spinous process of C2.
• Insertion: transverse process of C1.

Function.

• Concentric action: ipsilateral rotation of C1.
• Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of C2.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows contralateral rotation of C1, ipsilateral rotation of C2.
• Isometric action: stabilization of C1 and C2.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Obliquus capitus inferior. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

Download these notes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor.

Structure.

• Origin: posterior tubercle of C1.
• Insertion: medial 1/2 of inferior nuchal line.

Function.

• Concentric action: head protraction at AOJ (atlanto-occipital joint). Lesser: head extension, lateral flexion of head.
• Reverse mover action: C1 retraction, C1 extension, lateral flexion of C1.
• Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows retraction, flexion, and lateral flexion of head.
• Isometric action: stabilization of head and AOJ.
• Innervation: suboccipital nerve.
• Arterial supply: occipital artery, deep cervical artery, branches of vertebral artery.

Clinical Significance.

Rectus capitis posterior minor. Used with permission by 3D4Medical.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.