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Bones: Humerus.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Humerus.

 

Structure.

  • The largest and longest upper limb bone.
  • The humerus articulates with the scapula, radius, and ulna.
  • Head: the proximal end is the head which articulates with the scapula at the glenoid fossa. This forms the shoulder joint.
  • Anatomical neck.
  • Surgical neck.
  • Greater tubercle.
  • Lesser tubercle.
  • Intertubercular sulcus (groove).
  • Body (diaphysis/shaft).
  • Deltoid tuberosity: where the tendons of the deltoid attach.
  • Capitulum: “capit” means head; a rounded knob-like structure on the lateral side. Articulates with the radial head.
  • Radial fossa: anterior depression superior to the capitulum. The radial head gets tucked into this depression when the elbow joint is bent. Most lateral fossa.
  • Trochlea: medial to the capitulum. Articulates with the ulnar trochlear notch.
  • Coronoid fossa: anterior depression that allows the coronoid process of the ulna to tuck into this depression when the elbow is bent. This fossa is medial to the radial fossa.
  • Olecranon fossa: posterior deep depression that allows the olecranon of the ulna to “tuck” into when the elbow is extended.
  • Medial epicondyle.
  • Lateral epicondyle.

 

 

Function.

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Bones: Foot and Ankle.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Foot and Ankle.

 

Structure.

  • Tarsus: the ankle; proximally located. Consists of: talus (ankle bone); calcaneous (heel bone, largest and strongest of the tarsal bones); navicular (medial, forms the “platform” for the 3 cuneiform bones); cuneiform (x3, lateral, intermediate, medial); cuboid (lateral, cube-shaped).
  • Metatarsals: intermediate region of the foot and numbered I-V starting with the great toe (hallux as I). Articulate with cuboid and cuneiforms.
  • Phalanges: proximal, middle and distal; 3 phalanges per toe except for the great toe (hallux) which only has 2. Phalanges are numbered medial to lateral starting with 1 at the great toe.

Function.

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Bones: Fibula.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Fibula.

 

Structure.

  • Parallel and lateral to the tibia. Is shorter and smaller than the tibia.
  • Does not articulate with femur.
  • Head (proximal) articulates with the tibial lateral condyle.
  • Lateral malleolus: distal end; articulates with talus. Easily observable and palpateable.

 

 

Function.

 

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

 

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Bones: Femur.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Femur.

 

Structure.

  • The largest, longest, strongest, and most massive bone of the body.
  • Head: articulates with the acetabulum of the LPHC (lumbo-pelvic hip complex).
  • Fovea capitis: a dimple-like depression on the femoral head.
  •  
  • Greater trochanter: prominence that is observeable and easily palpateable.
  • Lesser trochanter.
  • Interotrochanteric line: anterior line between the two trochanters.
  • Interotrochanteric crest: posterior line between the two trochanters.
  • Gluteal tuberosity.
  • Linea aspera.
  • Media condyle.
  • Lateral condyle.
  • Medial epicondyle: superior to the condyles.
  • Lateral epicondyle: also superior to the condyles.
  • Intercondylar fossa: posterior surface; depression between the condyles.
  • Patellar surface: anteriorly; a smooth area to allow for patella movement.

 

 

 

Function.

 

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

  • Greater trochanter: Landmark for intramuscular injections.

 

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Bones: Clavicle.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones—Clavicle.

 

Structure.

  • The clavicle is long, flattish, and has a slight S-shape curve to it (but it isn’t as pronounced as one may think).
  • Easily observed with the naked eye and also easily palpateable.
  • Sternal end: the medial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium. The sternal end may be identifed as it is “blunt” and fairly straight-edged as compared to the acromial end.
  • Acromial end: the lateral and more rounded end (almost spoon-like shape) that articulates with the scapula.
  • Superior view: (bird’s eye view looking down) from the medial/sternal end, the clavicle is slightly concave anteriorly. Proceeding laterally towards the acromial end, the curve changes to slightly convex anteriorly. The superior surface both appears and feels a bit smoother than the inferior side.
  • Inferior view: the bone is rougher.

Function.

Clinical Significance.

  • The midregion of the clavical where one part of the “S” curve transitions to the other is the weakest point of the clavical. Fractures often occur in this region.
  • Falling poorly (i.e. with arms outstretched) and a superior-anterior blow may fracture the clavicle.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Regions and Quadrants

The 4 Quadrant Schematic: The intersection of the midsaggittal plane and transverse plane through the navel.

RUQ = Right Upper Quadrant. The right liver, kidney, gallbladder, a bit of the stomach, duodenum, part of pancreas, parts of the ascending and transverse colon, parts of small intestine.

LUQ = Left Upper Quadrant. The left liver, part of stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, parts of transverse and descending colon, part of small intestine.

RLQ = Right Lower Quadrant. Cecum, appendix, part of small intestine, right parts of female reproductive organs, right ureter.

LLQ = Left Lower Quadrant. Small intestine, part of large intestine, left parts of the female reproductive organs, left ureter.

 

The 9 Quadrant Schematic.

RHR = Right Hypogastric Region. Right portions of liver and kidneys; gallbladder; parts of small intestine.

EPR = Epigastric Region. Stomach; part of liver; part of pancreas; part of duodenum; parts of spleen; adrenal glands.

LHR = Left Hypogastric Region. Spleen; left portions of liver; stomach; pancreas; parts of colon.

RLR = Right Lumbar Region. Gall bladder; parts of kidney and liver; ascending colon.

UMR = Umbilical Region. Parts of duodenum, jejunum, ileum; transverse colon; bottom parts of left and right kidney

LLR = Left Lumbar Region. Descending colon; left kidney; part of spleen.

RIR = Right Inguinal Region. Appendix, cecum, right iliac fossa.

HGR = Hypogastric Region. Descending colon, sigmoid colon, right iliac fossa.

LIR = Left Inguinal Region. Bladder, parts of sigmoid colon, anus, reproductive organs.

 

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Mapping the Body | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/mapping-the-body/

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Body Cavity Linings

Membranes line things.

Serous membranes are thin mesothelium (simple squamous epithelial) layers that line cavity walls and the viscera (organs lying in the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities).

Parietal layer lines the walls.

Pleural layer covers the organs.

Between the parietal and pleural layer, serous membranes have serous fluid that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction.

Here’s a worksheet below to check off some key words.

Visceral pleura—

Parietal pleura—

Pleural cavity—

Pericardium—

Visceral pericardium—

Parietal pericardium—

Pericardial cavity—

Peritoneum—

Visceral peritoneum—

Pleural peritoneum—

Peritoneal cavity—

Retroperitoneal (and which 3 organs lie in this area)—

 

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

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Body Cavities

Body cavities help organize, compartmentalize, and protect internal organs.

Here’s a worksheet to help you review.

Cranial cavity—

Vertebral canal—

Thoracic cavity—

Pleural cavity (left and right)—

Pericardial cavity—

Parietal pericardium—

Visceral pericardium—

Parietal pleura—

Visceral pleura—

Mediastinum—

Diaphragm—

Abdominopelvic cavity—

Abdominal cavity—

Pelvic cavity—

 

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.