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Muscles: Trapezius Upper.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Trapezius, Upper.

Structure.

  • Origin: superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae; spinous process of C7, T1-T12.
  • Insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion process of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: cervical extension, lateral flexion and rotation; scapular elevation at scapulocostal joint (ScC); scapular retraction at ScC; upward rotation of the scapula at the ScC.
  • Reverse mover actions: head and neck extension at spinal joints; contralateral rotation of the head and neck at spinal joints; lateral flexion of the head and neck at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: cervical flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation; scapular depression. Controls/restrains/slows scapular protraction at ScC and ipsilateral rotation of the trunk at the spinal joints.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the medial border of scapula and cervical spine.
  • Innervation: accessory XI nerve; cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
  • Arterial supply: transverse cervical artery (branch from thyrocervical trunk), dorsal scapular artery (branch from subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Trapezius Middle.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Trapezius, Middle.

Structure.

  • Origin: superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae; spinous process of C7, T1-T12.
  • Insertion: acromion process of scapula; superior aspect of scapular spine.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular retraction.
  • Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of the trunk at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: scapular protraction and elevation. Controls/restrains/slows scapular protraction at ScC and ipsilateral rotation of trunk at spinal joints.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula.
  • Innervation: accessory XI nerve; cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
  • Arterial supply: transverse cervical artery (branch from thyrocervical trunk), dorsal scapular artery (branch from subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Trapezius Lower.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Trapezius, Lower.

Structure.

  • Origin: superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae; spinous process of C7, T1-T12.
  • Insertion: spine of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular depression at scapulocostal joint (ScC). Retracts scapula at ScC. Upwardly rotates the scapula at the ScC.
  • Reverse mover actions: extends trunk at spinal joints; contralateral rotation of the trunk at spinal joints; lateral flexion of the trunk at the spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular elevation, protraction, and downward rotation at the ScC. Controls/restrains/slows flexion, ipsilateral rotation, and contralateral flexion of trunk at spinal joints.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula and clavicle. Stabilizes head, neck, trunk at the spinal joints.
  • Innervation: accessory XI nerve; cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
  • Arterial supply: transverse cervical artery (branch from thyrocervical trunk), dorsal scapular artery (branch from subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Rhomboid Major.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rhomboid Major.

Structure.

  • Origin: spinous process of T2-T5.
  • Insertion: vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular retraction at scapulocostal joint (ScC), elevates scapula at ScC, and downward rotation.
  • Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of the trunk at spinal joints; extends trunk at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular protraction depression, upward rotation, and lateral tilt; controls/restrains/slows flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the trunk.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula; stabilization of C7-T5 vertebrae.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve, C4, C5.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Rhomboid Minor.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Rhomboid Minor.

Structure.

  • Origin: spinous process of C7-T1.
  • Insertion: vertebral border of scapula superior to spine.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular retraction and downward rotation. Medially tilts scapula at the scapulocostal joint (ScC).
  • Reverse mover action: contralateral rotation of trunk at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular protraction depression, upward rotation, and lateral tilt; controls/restrains/slows flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the trunk.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula; stabilization of C7-T5 vertebrae.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Levator Scapulae.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Levator Scapulae.

Structure.

  • Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4.
  • Insertion: superior vertebral border of scapulae.

Function.

  • Concentric action: cervical extension, lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation when scapulae are anchored; elevation and downward rotation of scapulae. Scapular retraction at scapulocostal joint (ScC).
  • Reverse mover action: neck extension at spinal joints; lateral flexion of the neck at spinal joints; ipsilateral rotation of the neck at spinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: cervical flexion, contralateral rotation, lateral flexion; scapular depression and upward rotation when neck is stabilized.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapulae and cervical spine.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve; cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of the subclavian artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Serratus Anterior.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Serratus Anterior.

Structure.

  • Origin: ribs 1-8 or ribs 1-9.
  • Insertion: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: scapular protraction/abduct scapula, elevation, depression, medial tilt, downward tilt, and upward rotation; elevates ribs when scapula is stabilized; “boxer’s muscle” (horizontal arm movements, punching, pushing).
  • Reverse mover action: retracts trunk at scapulocostal joint (ScC); depresses trunk at ScC; elevates trunk at ScC.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular retraction, downward rotation, depresion, elevation, lateral tilt, and upward tilt. Controls/restrains/slows protraction, elevation, and depression of the trunk.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula and stabilization of the rib cage.
  • Innervation: long thoracic nerve C5-C7.
  • Arterial supply: dorsal scapular artery (branch of subclavian artery), lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery), superior thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery).

Clinical Significance.

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Pectoralis Minor.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Pectoralis Minor.

Structure.

  • Origin: ribs 2-5, ribs 3-5, or ribs 2-4.
  • Insertion: coracoid process of scapula.

Function.

  • Concentric action: protracts scapula/abduction, depresses scapula, and downward rotation; lateral tilting the scapula at he scapulocostal joint (ScC), upward tilt of scapula at ScC.
  • Reverse mover action: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is stabilized.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows scapular retraction, elevation, upward rotation, medial tilt, and downward tilt; controls/restrains/slows depression of ribs 3-5.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the shoulder girdle, stabilization of scapula, stabilizes ribs 3-5.
  • Innervation: medial pectoral nerve.
  • Arterial supply: pectoral branches of the thoracoacromial trunk (branch of axillary artery); posterior intercostal arteries (branch of aorta); lateral thoracic artery (branch of axillary artery).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Muscles: Subclavius.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles—Subclavius.

Structure.

  • Origin: first rib.
  • Insertion: clavicle.

Function.

  • Concentric action: depress and move clavicle anteriorly at sternoclavicular joint (SC); protraction of clavicle at SC, downward rotation of clavicle at SC joint; helps stabilize pectoral girdle.
  • Reverse mover action: elevate first rib of sternocostal and costospinal joints.
  • Eccentric action: controls/restrains/slows clavicular retraction, elevation, upward rotation, and controls/restrains/slows depression of first rib.
  • Isometric action: stabilization of the scapula. Stabilization of clavicle and first rib.
  • Innervation: subclavian nerve.
  • Arterial supply: clavicular branch of thoracoacromial trunk (branch of axillary artery), suprascapular artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk).

Clinical Significance.

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Clark, M., Lucett, S., Sutton, B. G., & National Academy of Sports Medicine. (2014). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.

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Joints: Synovial Joint Types.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints—Synovial Joint Types.

 

Structure.

Plane joints.

  • Biaxial diarthroses.
  • Flattish or very slightly curved.
  • Gliding types of planar movements (e.g. sideways or back and forth).
  • May also rotate about.
  • E.g. intercarpal (in wrist bones); intertarsal (ankle bones); sternoclavicular joint; acromionclavicular; vertebrocostal joints (ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.

Hinge joints.

  • Uniaxial diarthrosis.
  • Like a hinge (door hinge); the bones “fit together” and “open-close” about a pivot point.
  • Usually, one bone is “stationary” (like a door frame) while the other bone is the moving part (like the door).
  • Rotational movement is about one axis.
  • Flexion and extension.
  • E.g. knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes.

Pivot joints.

  • Uniaxial diarthrosis.
  • A rounded/pointy bone articulates with a “ring-like” structure formed by another bone and ligaments.
  • Rotates about one axis.
  • E.g. atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2); radioulnar joint (supinate-pronate).

Condyloid joints.

  • Biaxial diarthrosis.
  • Oval shaped end of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another.
  • Movement about 2 axis: flexion-extension; abduction-adduction; very limited circumduction.
  • E.g. wrist; metacarpophalangeal joints (II-V).

Saddle joints.

  • Biaxial diarthrosis.
  • One end of bone (concave) is shaped like a saddle and the other surface is convex and fits the saddle-shaped depression of the other bone.
  • Movement about 3 axis: sideways; up-down; limited circumduction.

Ball and socket joints.

  • Triaxial diarthrosis.
  • Allows for the most movement.
  • Movement about 3 axis: flexion-extension; abductio-adduction; rotations/circumduction.
  • E.g. shoulder joint; hip joint.

 

Function.

 

 

Clinical Significance.

 

 

References

Biel, A. (2015). Trail guide to the body: A hands-on guide to locating muscles, bones and more.

Cedars-Sinai. (2018). Vertebrae of the spine. Retrieved from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/v/vertebrae-of-the-spine.html

Jenkins, G., & Tortora, G. J. (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life, 3rd Edition International Stu. John Wiley & Sons.

Muscolino, J. E. (2017). The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body.